农业活动及转基因作物对农田生物多样性的影响  

Effects of agricultural activities and transgenic crops on agricultural biodiversity

作　　者：张细桃 罗洪兵[1] 李俊生[2] 黄海[2] 刘勇波[2] 

机构地区：[1]湖南农业大学农学院,长沙410128 [2]中国环境科学研究院环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室,北京100012

出　　处：《应用生态学报》2014年第9期2745-2755,共11页Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology

基　　金：国家转基因生物新品种培育科技重大专项(2012ZX08011002);环保公益性行业科研专项(201309038);环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室自主研究课题基金项目;"十二五"农村领域国家科技计划项目(2012BAD35B01)资助

摘　　要：农田生物多样性是生态系统生物多样性的重要组成部分,但较少受到关注.近50年来,由于农业活动引起的环境污染、生境破碎和单一化种植等严重威胁着农田生物多样性.为了了解各因素对农田生物多样性的影响程度,优化农田管理措施,以提高农作物产量并降低环境影响,本文综述了种植方式、地膜覆盖、农药和化肥使用等农业活动及转基因作物对我国农田生物多样性的影响.农药和化肥的过度使用对农田生物多样性的影响最大;而转基因作物对农田生物多样性的影响受诸多因素影响,如携带的转基因性状等.需要加强转基因作物生态环境影响评价研究,特别是对农田生物多样性的潜在影响.农业生产活动应当与农田生物多样性保护密切结合,不仅有利于提高农作物产量,同时也可减少对环境的负面影响.Agricultural biodiversity is a key part of the ecosystem biodiversity, but it receives little concern. The monoculture, environmental pollution and habitat fragmentation caused by agricultural activities have threatened agricultural biodiversity over the past 50 years. To optimize agricultural management measures for crop production and environmental protection, we reviewed the effects of agricultural activities, including cultivation patterns, plastic mulching, chemical additions and the cultivation of transgenic crops, on agricultural biodiversity. The results showed that chemical pesticides and fertilizers had the most serious influence and the effects of transgenic crops varied with other factors like the specific transgene inserted in crops. The environmental risk of transgenic crops should be assessed widely through casebycase methods, particularly its potential impacts on agricultural biodiversity. It is important to consider the protection of agricultural biodiversity before taking certain agricultural practices, which could improve agricultural production and simultaneously reduce the environmental impacts.

关 键 词：农田生物多样性 转基因作物 耕作方式 地膜覆盖 农药 化肥 

分 类 号：S181[农业科学—农业基础科学]