公法哲学的两种进路——卡尔·施米特《宪法学说》评析  

Two Approaches of Public Law Philosophy——A Review of Carl Schmitt's Verfassungslehre

作　　者：刘福元[1] 

机构地区：[1]东北财经大学法学院,辽宁大连116025

出　　处：《山东科技大学学报（社会科学版）》2014年第4期20-28,共9页Journal of Shandong University of Science and Technology(Social Sciences)

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目"公务员内部行为规范中的责任机制建构"(12YJC820062);辽宁省教育厅科学研究一般项目"行政自制视野下的公务员行为规范研究"(W2013227)

摘　　要：《宪法学说》是施米特最为重要的公法哲学著作之一,其理路在于,紧急状态下的专政体现了国家的本质特征,而实定的宪法则是政治统一体的总体决断;由宪法律确立的议会民主不能超越政治决断本身,遇有这种危险发生,应当通过宪法律中的专政条款加以制止。相反,另一种公法哲学即自由主义进路则否定国家的自在性,认为国家的正当性只能从个人权利中推演出来,国家不能超越授权侵犯国民。尽管这两种公法哲学都有逻辑上的缺陷,但在不同国家、不同历史环境下实施的效果却不相同。选择适合本国土壤的公法模式并在实施过程中尽力弥补它的缺陷,才是公法哲学发展的正当路径。Verfassungslehre is one of the most important public law works of Carl Schmitt. In the opinion of Schmitt, the dictatorship in the state of emergency indicates the essence of the state and the substantial constitution is the total resolution of the political unity. The parliamentary democracy determined by the constitutional law can not overcome the political resolution itself. In case of the danger mentioned above, we should prevent the danger from happening by the articles of dictatorship in the constitutional law. On the contrary, the other approach of public law philosophy--the liberal approach denies the autonomy of the state, asserting that the legitimacy of the state can be achieved only from the personal rights and the state can not encroach on people if it functions ultra vires. Although the two approaches contain logical drawback, they function differently in different countries and different historical environment. We should choose the public law mode that suits the Chinese conditions and remedy some drawbacks during the implementing process. This is a reasonable developmental approach of public law philosophy.

关 键 词：公法哲学 卡尔·施米特 政治决断 自由主义 

分 类 号：D90[政治法律—法学理论]