鄱阳湖四种水鸟的栖息地利用与水深和食物的关系  

Relationship between Habitat Use of Four Waterbird Species and Water Depth and Food Resource in Poyang Lake

作　　者：张笑辰[1] 金斌松[1] 陈家宽[1,2] 吴建东 刘观华 马志军[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]南昌大学生命科学研究院流域生态学研究所,南昌330031 [2]复旦大学生物多样性科学研究所生物多样性与生态工程教育部重点实验室,上海200433 [3]江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区管理局,南昌330038

出　　处：《动物学杂志》2014年第5期657-665,共9页Chinese Journal of Zoology

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(No.31260107)

摘　　要：为了了解水深和食物资源对水鸟栖息地利用的影响,2012~2013年越冬期,采用样方法,对鄱阳湖沙湖的白鹤（Grus leucogeranus）、小天鹅（Cygnus columbianus）、东方白鹳（Ciconia boyciana）和白琵鹭（Platalea leucorodia）4种水鸟的数量、觅食地和休息地的水深以及主要食物——沉水植物冬芽的密度和生物量进行了调查。每个样方为150 m×150 m的栅格,全湖共设置152个样方。结果显示,10月份沉水植物冬芽分布的平均水深为（124.2±12.0）cm。4种水鸟觅食地的水深均显著高于其休息地的水深（白鹤：Z=11.96,小天鹅：Z=4.69,东方白鹳：Z=14.44,白琵鹭：Z=29.33,所有P〈0.01）;对于2种食冬芽的水鸟,白鹤觅食地的水深、冬芽生物量、取食深度以及休息地水深均显著低于小天鹅（觅食地水深：Z=8.56,冬芽生物量：Z=2.93,取食深度：Z=14.69,休息地水深：Z=4.34,所有P〈0.05）,但两者觅食地的冬芽密度差异不显著（Z=0.6,P=0.55）;对于2种食鱼性水鸟,东方白鹳觅食地水深、取食深度和休息地水深均显著大于白琵鹭（觅食地水深：Z=10.60;取食深度：Z=9.35;休息地水深：Z=8.47,所有P〈0.01）。回归分析表明,白鹤、东方白鹳、白琵鹭的觅食个体数量均与水深呈二次项关系,个体数量最大的觅食地水深分别为23.9 cm,33.0 cm和22.6 cm;白鹤、小天鹅的觅食个体数量均与冬芽生物量呈线性关系。3种涉禽均只分布在一定的水深范围内,且同种食性的水鸟利用不同的水深从而减少在空间生态位的重叠。boratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering,Fudan University;Jiangxi Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve; In order to understand the effects of water depth and food resources on the habitat use of waterbirds,we surveyed individual numbers,water depth of foraging and resting sites,food availability（ density andbiomass of winter buds of submerged macrophytes for bud-feeders） of four waterbird species（ Grus leucogeranus,Cygnus columbianus,Ciconia boyciana and Platalea leucorodia） using plot methods in winter2012- 2013 in Shahu Lake,a sub-lake of Poyang Lake. A total of 152 plots were set in the lake with each plot being 150 m × 150 m. The buds were collected in October before arrival of waterbirds and individuals of birds were counted in January when large amounts of them concentrated in the lake. Distribution patterns of winter buds in different water depth in October were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z test. We compared water depth between foraging and resting sites of the 4 species using Mann-Whitney U test,respectively. We further compared water depth,density and biomass of winter buds in foraging sites and water depth in resting sites between G. leucogeranus and Cygnus columbianus（ both mainly forage on buds） using Mann-Whitney U test,respectively. We also compared water depth between two piscivorous bird species in foraging sites and resting sites,respectively. Regression analysis were used to assess the relationship between foraging bird numbers and water depth for the 4 species,as well as between foraging bird numbers and biomass of winter buds for 2 budfeeding species. We found out that winter buds occurred in the region with an average water depth（ 124. 2 ±12. 0） cm in October（ Fig. 2）. Water depth at foraging sites of all the four species were deeper than that at resting sites（ G. leucogeranus： Z = 11. 96,Cygnus columbianus： Z = 4. 69,Ciconia boyciana： Z = 14. 44,P.leucorodia： Z = 29. 33,P 0. 01 for all）（ Table 1）. Density of winter buds at fo

关 键 词：水深 冬芽 白鹤 小天鹅 东方白鹳 白琵鹭 鄱阳湖 沙湖 生态位 

分 类 号：Q958[生物学—动物学]