小麦对渍涝的响应及排水指标确定  

Response of wheat to waterlogging and determination of drainage index

作　　者：吴启侠[1,2] 朱建强[1,2] 杨威[1] 王曾桢 叶浩[3] 

机构地区：[1]长江大学农学院,荆州434025 [2]湿地生态与农业利用教育部工程研究中心,荆州434025 [3]长江大学生命科学学院,荆州434025

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2014年第16期91-98,共8页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203032);湖北省重点(优势)学科作物学(长江大学)(2013XKJS)

摘　　要：湖北平原地区春季雨水较多,麦田易受渍涝危害,研究小麦对渍涝的响应,并建立作物相对产量与渍涝天数的关系模型,可为该区冬小麦农业生产防灾减灾管理提供依据。在可控制灌排的有底混凝土测筒中于小麦孕穗期和灌浆期设置持续渍涝(5、10、15和20 d)处理,旨在研究江汉平原冬小麦孕穗期和灌浆期持续渍涝胁迫对其生理活动及产量的影响。结果表明:小麦孕穗期、灌浆期受渍涝胁迫均导致叶绿素a、b和2者总含量降低,且渍涝时间越长,含量越低。孕穗期和灌浆期渍涝后,过氧化氢酶活性在旗叶、根系、灌浆期幼穗中的变化趋势均是先升高后降低,除孕穗期根系在渍涝15 d时达到最大,其余部位均是渍涝10 d时达到最大,在孕穗期幼穗中的变化趋势是随着渍涝程度的加剧,其活性持续升高;除孕穗期幼穗、灌浆期根系外,其余部位过氧化物酶活性的变化趋势是持续增加,且渍涝程度愈重,其增加幅度愈大,在孕穗期幼穗中的活性恰恰相反,在灌浆期根系中的变化趋势是先降低后升高,渍涝10 d时降到最低;旗叶、根系和幼穗中超氧化物歧化酶活性降低,且渍涝程度愈重,其降低幅度愈大。孕穗期、灌浆期小麦遭受渍涝后减产严重,孕穗期渍涝5、10、15和20 d 4个处理实际产量分别减少了18.4%、45.5%、63.9%、85.5%,灌浆期分别减少了7.6%、17.8%、43.7%、70.2%,孕穗期渍涝小麦减产的原因是单株有效穗数和穗粒数减少,灌浆期是穗粒数和千粒质量减少。若以小麦减产15%作为田间渍涝排除标准,孕穗期、灌浆期能承受的渍涝时间为3.6、6.4 d,田面渍涝排除后应在3 d内将地下水位降到70 cm以下。该研究可为长江中下游稻作区麦田排水管理提供科学依据。Hubei plain area is characterized by plenty of rainfall in spring, which results in frequent occurrence of waterlogging of winter wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） field. Subsurface waterlogging is often found in these fields. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the influence of waterlogging on the growth and yield of winter wheat and develop a drainage index for the waterlogged fields. This study aimed to investigate the response of wheat growth to waterlogging condition and to determine a drainage index. In order to achieve the objectives, tube-shaped concrete facilities were used for irrigation and drainage adjustment. Wheat was planted in the facility. Waterlogging period for 5, 15, and 20 d was designed. The waterlogging was conducted in the booting and filling stages of wheat. The soil moisture in the waterlogging treatment was kept at 90% water holding capacity. Meanwhile, the facility for wheat cultivation in soil with moisture kept at 70%-80%water holding capacity was used as the control. The chlorophyll content （Chla, Chlb, Chl（a＋b））, malonaldehyde content （MDA）, peroxidase content （POD）, catalase content （CAT）, and superoxide dismutase content （SOD） were measured. The yield and its component of wheat were determined. The results showed that： wheat suffering from waterlogging in the booting and filling stages resulted in a decline of Chla, Chlb and Chl（a＋b） content, which was increased with increasing waterlogging periods. The content of Chla, Chlb, and Chl（a＋b） was significantly （p〈0.05） lower than that of the control treatment when the wheat was waterlogged for 5 days in booting stage. The chlorophyll content decreased significantly （p〈0.05） in filling stage. When the wheat field was waterlogged in the both stages, the activity of CAT in the wheat flag leaf, root system and young panicle was increased first and then decreased, and was maximal in the root system at the booting stage when wheat was suffered from subsurface waterlogging for 15 days

关 键 词：排水 农作物 水分 渍涝胁迫 冬小麦 抗氧化酶 

分 类 号：S276[农业科学—农业水土工程]