高速跑时下肢双关节肌做功特性及拉伤风险的生物力学分析  

Biomechanical Analysis of Work Characteristics and Strain Risks of Bi-articular Muscles in Lower Extremity during Sprinting

作　　者：钟运健[1,2] 刘宇[2] 傅维杰[2] 魏书涛[2] 伍勰[2] 李庆[3] 

机构地区：[1]南昌大学教育学院体育系,江西南昌330031 [2]上海体育学院运动科学学院,上海200438 [3]清华大学体育部,北京100084

出　　处：《体育科学》2014年第11期60-66,共7页China Sport Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金资助项目(30871210)

摘　　要：目的:建立下肢肌肉功能模型及下肢骨骼肌肉系统模型,量化快速跑时下肢双关节肌长度速度变化及应力变化,并进一步量化单位面积功率及做功总量,从生物力学视角分析短跑运动员下肢双关节肌做功特性及拉伤风险。方法:采集优秀短跑运动员高速跑时运动学和动力学数据,建立下肢神经肌肉骨骼模型和下肢肌肉功能模型,进行下肢关节运动学和动力学分析,并计算受试下肢肌肉功能参数变化,结合最优化算法量化单块肌肉应力变化,进而分析单块肌肉单位面积功率和做功总量。结果与结论:双关节肌应力峰值、长度峰值、收缩速度峰值和做负功单位面积功率峰值均显著高于其他下肢单关节肌;腓肠肌在支撑前期被拉长的情况下对抗较大外负荷(高应力值)离心收缩,且出现做负功的单位面积功率峰值,拉伤风险极高;腘绳肌在摆动末期和支撑前期处于较大程度拉伸且应力值高,在摆动中期的屈髋伸膝阶段快速做负功(出现单位面积功率峰值),均易被拉伤;股四头肌的拉伤时相为摆动前期的伸髋屈膝阶段,股四头肌在此阶段一直做负功且出现做负功的单位面积功率峰值;双关节肌在一个完整步态中所做负功总和(负功积累)显著高于其他单关节肌。此外,双关节肌在步态某些阶段,同时对两个关节分别做负功和正功。本研究通过单块肌肉力学负荷相关指标为分析下肢双关节肌肉在快速跑时拉伤风险提供了生物力学依据。Objective ：The aim of this study was to establish models regarding the muscle func-tions and musculoskeletal system in lower extremity ,quantify the changes in muscle length , contraction velocity ,muscle stress ,muscle power ,and total work of the bi-articular muscles during sprinting and analyze the biomechanical characteristics of bi-articular muscle work and strain risks .Methods ：the kinematic and kinetic data from elite sprinters were collected .Two models of the muscle functions and musculoskeletal system in lower extremity were built to calculate the changes in the parameters of muscle function in lower extremity .Furthermore ,the muscle stress ,the power ,and the total amount of work done per unit area of a single muscle were also examined combined with the quantification via optimization algorithm .Results and Conclusion ：the peak values of muscle stress ,muscle length ,contraction velocity ,and negative muscle power per unit area in bi-articular muscles were significantly greater than other mono-articular muscles .During the early swing of the stride cycle ,the gastrocnemius were eccentric contracted to counteract the loads from external forces ,and thus reached a maximal negative power .These results indicated that the gastrocnemius were susceptible to injury during the ear-ly stance .For the hamstrings ,muscle length and muscle stress were higher during the late swing and early stance phases .Besides ,the hamstrings performed quick negative work and pro-duced a maximal power during mid-swing .Hence ,these periods were identified as the potential phases for hamstring muscle strain injury .The quadriceps performed much negative work and reached a maximal power during the early swing of the stride cycle ,whereas the quadriceps were at a high risk of injury in this period of the gait .The negative work done in bi-articular muscles was significantly higher than other mono-articular muscles during a full gait circle . Additionally ,during certain phases of gait ,the positive and negative work were si

关 键 词：快速跑 双关节肌 拉伤风险 生物力学 

分 类 号：G804.6[文化科学—运动人体科学]