美国EPA吸入风险评估模型在某电镀企业职业危害风险评估中的应用  

Risk Assessment on Occupational Hazards in Electroplating Enterprise by USEPA Inhalation Risk Assessment Model

作　　者：郑文慧[1] 王志平[1] 柴鹏飞[1] 冷朋波[2] 张美辨[3] 

机构地区：[1]宁波市鄞州区疾病预防控制中心公共卫生监测科,浙江315010 [2]宁波市疾病预防控制中心环境与职业卫生所,浙江315010 [3]浙江省疾病预防控制中心环境与职业卫生所,浙江310051

出　　处：《环境与职业医学》2014年第10期764-769,共6页Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine

基　　金：美国EPA吸入风险评估模型在职业危害风险评估的技术应用研究项目(编号:2013KYA042)

摘　　要：[目的]探讨定量评估方法在职业危害风险评估中的实际应用价值。[方法]对某电镀生产企业,依据美国环境保护署（EPA）《人体健康风险评估手册F部分：吸入风险评估补充指南》的基本原理,开展现场调查和危害识别、暴露期与暴露方式评估、暴露评估、职业病危害致癌与非致癌性风险评估。[结果]该企业职业危害暴露途径以呼吸道暴露为主,暴露期符合亚慢性暴露特征。经检测除油岗位盐酸、预镀铜岗位氰化物、镀铬岗位三氧化铬的8 h时间加权平均浓度分别为5.2-5.8、0.16-0.19、0.018-0.023 mg/m^3。非致癌风险评估显示,除油、预镀铜、镀铬岗位的危害商数分别为75、61、360,均〉1,健康风险较大。致癌风险评估显示,镀镍岗位接触可溶性镍化合物、镀铬岗位接触三氧化铬的致癌风险（Risk）分别为1.0×10^-4、2.4×10^-3,均〉1×10^-6,具有致癌风险。[结论]镀镍岗位接触可溶性镍化合物、镀铬岗位接触三氧化铬的浓度均达标,但仍具有致肺癌风险。针对无法查询到相应参考值数据（参考浓度或吸入单元风险）的危害因素,不能直接应用该模型开展风险评估。[Objective] To evaluate the practical value of a quantitative assessment method in assessing occupational hazard risks. [Methods] Following the basic protocol described in Human Health Evaluation Manual Part F： Inhalation Risk Assessment Guide Supplement released by the US Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）, field investigation and hazard identification, duration and exposure pattern assessment, exposure assessment, and cancer or non-cancer risk assessment were carried out in an electroplating enterprise. [Results] Respiratory exposures and sub-chronic exposures were outstanding in the enterprise. The time weighted average concentrations of hydrochloric acid in the oil-extraction workstations, cyanide in the copper pre-plating workstations, and chromium trioxide in the chromium plating workstations were 5.2-5.8, 0.16-0.19, and 0.018-0.023 mg/m^3, respectively. The hazard quotients for degreasing, copper pre-plating, and chromium plating workplaces were 75, 61, and 360 respectively（all 1）, which indicated relatively high high risks. The risk values for exposure to soluble nickel compounds in the nickel plating workstations and chromium trioxide in the chromium plating workstations were 1×10^-4 and 2.4×10^-3 respectively（both 1×10^-6）, which indicated cancer risks. [Conclusion] The concentrations of soluble nickel compounds in the nickel plating workstations and chromium trioxide in the chromium plating workstations are qualified, but presenting lung cancer risks. The method is not applicable in assessing occupational hazard without established corresponding reference values such as reference concentration or inhalation unit risk.

关 键 词：职业危害 美国EPA吸入风险评估模型 电镀企业 致癌风险 非致癌风险 

分 类 号：R135.2[医药卫生—劳动卫生]