源分离尿液资源化利用与风险控制技术研究进展  

Review on the resource utilization and risks control technologies of source separated urine

作　　者：蒋善庆 王晓昌[1] 李超[1] 韩培[1] 

机构地区：[1]西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院,西北水资源与环境生态教育部重点实验室,西安710055

出　　处：《安全与环境学报》2014年第5期174-182,共9页Journal of Safety and Environment

基　　金：国家自然科学基金重大国际合作项目(51021140002)

摘　　要：针对源分离尿液中除富含氮、磷、钾等多种营养元素外,还含有部分微量污染物(药物残留与激素)和致病微生物的特点,以"资源节约与环境友好"为主线,首先对尿液中营养物回收技术(浓缩脱水、沉淀结晶、离子交换吸附、吹脱吸收、生物处理及电化学)和能源转化技术(微生物燃料电池回收电能和尿液培养藻类制作生物质燃料)的原理、特点及研究进展进行了阐述。其次,介绍了尿液中微量污染物去除技术(电渗析、纳滤与高级氧化)和致病微生物灭活方法(常温储存6个月以上、升温或碱化),并指出从源头进行风险控制的必要性。最后,提出联合多种技术同步回收尿液中营养物与能源和定量分析所含微量污染物对人体与环境的风险将是未来研究的重要方向。The present paper is inclined to make a research review focused on the uptodate techniques for human urine treatment and summarize the properties of nutrients and micro-pollutants generally detected in it. Based on the idea of ＂resource-development and envi- ronment-friendliness＂, we would like to make a review on separating human urine potential as a highly valuable organic fertilizer in agri- culture due to its relatively high concentrations of the macronutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. In spite of this, there exists a variety of micro-pollutants, such as pharmaceutical residues and hormones, in addition to pathogens in it, which are mainly originated from the faecal cross-contamination. It is for this reason that the usage of urine as a fertilizer involves a risk of spreading pharmaceuti- cal residues and some other diseases to the human life and the sur- rounding environment. So far as we know, there exist the nutrition recovery technologies （such as volume reduction, precipitation and crystallization, ion exchange adsorption, stripping and absorption, biological treatment and electrochemical technology） and energy con- version technologies （such as electrical energy recovery directly by microbial fuel cell, algae production cultured in urine for biomass fuel as another indirect approach） to be mentioned. The basic principles, the characteristic features and the status can briefly be illustrated as follows in detail. Then, we have introduced three technologies in the main, that is, the electrodialysis, nano-filtration and the advanced oxidation for removing the pharmaceutical residues and hormones in the urine. And, last of all, the methods for pathogens inactivation in urine are also recommended, including the ways for urine storage （at atmosphere temperature for 6 months or more）, high-temperature pro- cessing and alkalization. It is of primary significance to reduce the hazardous materials from the urinary source to the minimum extent. Besides what is mentioned above, t

关 键 词：环境工程学 源分离尿液 营养物回收 能源转化 风险控制 生态卫生 

分 类 号：X703.1[环境科学与工程—环境工程]