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作 者:谢海霞[1]
出 处:《法学论坛》2014年第6期114-124,共11页Legal Forum
基 金:作者主持的教育部人文社会科学一般研究项目<国际组织在我国的法律地位>(11YJA820088)的阶段性成果
摘 要:国家享有豁免权已经发展成为国际习惯法。但是,当国家豁免已经从绝对豁免走向相对豁免的今天,如果一国的行为违反了国际法中的强行法,是否就不再享有豁免权?该问题既是"德国诉意大利案"的争议焦点,更是当前国际法理论和实务界面临的热点问题。国际法院在"德国诉意大利案"采用实体——程序分析法,确立了国家豁免权和强行法并不冲突这一新标准。对这一标准如何认识,是否该标准也适用于国家元首豁免与强行法的关系,适用于国际组织豁免与强行法的关系,还值得深入研究。同时,从人权保护的角度出发,确立了国家豁免权和强行法不冲突,并不解除国家保护人权的义务。In its judgment of 2 February 2012 in Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece Intervening), the international court of justice held that rules of jus cogens did not conflict with state immunity, since the former were substantive rules while the latter were procedural in character. Although the ' substantive - procedural' distinction have been adopted in some national courts and european courts of human rights as well, it was criticized heavily in the hterature. One argument is based on the theory of hierarchy of norms ; the other is based on human rights protection. Based on the international practice, this article explores the relationship of state immunity, international organization immunity and jus cogens, confirmed that the procedural character of the immunities cannot prevent criminal prosectution for just cogens crimes and cannot equivalent to impunity.
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