中国肥料使用管理立法研究  

Study on Lawmaking About Fertilizer Use and Management in China

作　　者：彭世琪[1] 

机构地区：[1]全国农业技术推广服务中心,北京100125

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2014年第20期4109-4116,共8页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

摘　　要：肥料是农业生产最重要的生产资料之一,然而中国过量施肥的现象十分普遍,加之市场上假冒伪劣肥料屡禁不止,带来农业减产、农产品质量安全、环境污染甚至人身安全等问题,肥料立法已经引起广泛关注。为了保护环境、保障农民利益,许多国家都有与肥料相关的法律,其特点之一就是将肥料使用管理纳入了法律体系之中。国外肥料法或相关条例中关于肥料使用管理的内容包括:规定施肥必须测土;规定肥料养分标准;规定硝酸盐脆弱区及肥料施用的限量指标,规定水资源保护及相关区域的有机肥施用时间和数量标准,规定生产者有记录肥料使用的义务等。肥料使用者也要依法施肥。中国肥料管理分别归属在不同的部门,尚未形成统一的肥料监督管理体系。在肥料使用管理方面主要靠行政项目推动,肥料使用管理缺位已经严重影响到农业资源可持续利用、生态环境保护及农产品生产,肥料使用管理立法已经成为十分紧迫的需求。中国一些相关法律中规定了肥料使用管理部门和职责内容,但多属于指导性条文,部门职责不具体,肥料使用标准不明确,对肥料使用者缺乏约束,强制性执法手段不足。肥料使用管理立法应把握3个关键点:(1)通过产品准入把好肥料品种和质量关;(2)通过使用标准和环境要求把好合理使用量和施肥时期;(3)通过明确责任主体建立各方的责任和权利。本研究提出肥料使用管理立法主要内容包括:(1)建立肥料产品农业准入制度和退出机制;(2)细化肥料使用管理主体的责任和权利;(3)明确肥料使用管理中企业、经销商、使用者的责权利;(4)规范肥料使用技术服务组织和个人的职责和行为;(5)明确肥料使用管理的保障体系和机制;(6)明确中国肥料质量标准、使用限量、使用时间等关键标准。通过肥料使用管理的立法,使肥料的生产者、经销者和使�Fertilizer is the most important means of production in agricultural production. But the excessive fertilization and fake fertilizer on market bring the problems of the reduction of agriculture output, quality safety of agricultural productions, environmental pollution and even personal safety occasionally happened in China. Fertilizer legislation has become a calling under the wide public concern. In order to protect the environment and farmers＇ interests, many countries have fertilizer laws or related regulations with contents of the fertilizer use and management. They contain with fertilization according to the result of soil test, fertilizer nutrient standards, the fertilizers limited index in the nitrate vulnerable area, use time and quantity standards of organic fertilizer in the water resources protection area, farmers are in duty bound to record the fertilizer use and so on. The users must manage their fertilize use in accordance with the law. China has not a unified supervision and management system in fertilizer management. The fertilizer using rules and standards in agriculture production are by administrative management and project promotion. Absence of fertilizer use management has the serious influence to the sustainable utilization of agricultural resources and ecological environment protection and agricultural production. Fertilizer lawmaking including fertilizer use management has become the urgent needs. Some relevant laws in China have stipulated the responsibilities for the administrative departments in fertilizer use management. But more terms are guidance provisions without clear department＇s duties, fertilizer use standard and limit, compulsory means and the enforced measures to fertilizer user. The legislation in fertilizer use management regulation should grasp three key points： （1） through product admittance system control fertilizer varieties and quality; （2） through special standards and environmental requirements control the quantity and period of the fertilizer use. （

关 键 词：肥料 使用 管理 立法 

分 类 号：D922.4[政治法律—法学] F426.72[经济管理—产业经济]