美德是幸福的前提吗?  

Is Virtue a Pre-requisite for Happiness?

作　　者：喻丰[1,2] 彭凯平[1,3] 窦东徽[4] 董蕊[1] 韩婷婷[5] 

机构地区：[1]清华大学心理学系,北京100084 [2]清华大学经管学院,北京100084 [3]美国加州大学伯克利分校心理学系,伯克利ca94720 [4]中央财经大学社会发展学院心理学系,北京100081 [5]北京师范大学心理学院,北京100875

出　　处：《心理科学》2014年第6期1518-1523,共6页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：清华大学-中科院学部科学协同发展研究中心2014年度先导项目(2014A03)的资助

摘　　要：幸福研究方兴未艾,但当今研究着重于幸福的心理描述性层面,而通常忽视了幸福概念中的规范性或者评价性层面。在孔子和亚里士多德等哲学家眼中,美德是幸福的前提。心理学实证研究发现,实践美德行为,如志愿、捐助等活动能够使人获得幸福。同时,研究也发现,人们倾向于认为具有美德的人会更加幸福。虽然实证研究能够说明美德与幸福具有关系,但是在美德与幸福的因果联系确定上,以及美德对于幸福来说是否是工具性的问题上,还需要更多的研究。Happiness become a hot topic in recent years in the area of psychology. Scholars try to use experimental results in psychology to boost the human happy experiences, guide folks＇ life, and influence public policy. But recent research mainly focused on the descriptive and psychological aspect of the conception of happiness, and neglected the normative and evaluative aspect. Virtue is the pre-requisite of happiness from both Confucian and Aristotelian tradition. Aristotle built his happiness theory on his view of virtue. In his theory, to reach the state of happiness, we need to behave in a virtuous way. Confucian tradition also hold a belief that, pure happiness consistent with self-control state which toward ethical norms. Experimental results showed that, behave virtuous can boost happiness. First, religious people were found happier than nonreligious people. This was an indirect evidence because religion always push people to behave in a virtuous way. Religious people were more likely to experience positive emotion, were less inclined to feel anxiety and depression. That might because religious people got more social support, had higher self-esteem and found more meanings in life. Second, people behave more virtuous, they feel happier. This is the direct evidences. People who donated money or spent his own money on others was found happier that who spent money on himself. Prosocial spending make effectively good influence on human emotion and meaning system （Duma, Aknin, ＆ Norton, 2008）. This might be an evolved psychological mechanism that we are born to be good. In other research, young kids were happier giving treats away than they were when receiving the same treats themselves （Aknin, Hamlin, ＆ Dunn, 2012）. Volunteers also happier than control group in other studies. Writing also can boost human happiness, wrote down his own moral behavior several times per week, the author will be happier （Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, ＆ Schkade, 2005）. These behavioral effect also found on children participants

关 键 词：美德 道德 幸福 主观幸福感 亲社会行为 

分 类 号：B848.4[哲学宗教—心理学]