罗马法中的贸易——以介于传统与变革中的要物消费借贷契约为例1  

Commerce in Roman Law:The Example of Real Contract of Loan between Tradition and Changes

作　　者：安东尼奥·萨科乔 翟远见(译)[2] 

机构地区：[1]布雷西亚大学法学院,意大利布雷西亚25121 [2]中国政法大学比较法学研究院,北京100088

出　　处：《哈尔滨工业大学学报（社会科学版）》2014年第6期59-69,共11页Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：中国政法大学青年教师学术创新团队资助项目“比较法与全球史视野下的中国法律史与法律文献整理研究”

摘　　要：从教义学的角度可以看出,多处罗马法原始文献表明消费借贷是一种要物契约,即伴随着订立契约之合意、当事人通过让渡一定量的替代物而成立该种契约。然而仔细观察我们还会发现,这些原始文献还呈现了愈发重视合意要素的价值之趋势,如在所谓的交付的"去实物化"("短手让渡")中,在合意确定返还的地点和时间问题上,在与交付同时做出的返还替代物的庄严承诺("要式口约")中,以及在承诺提供消费借贷的要式口约中,均可看出此点。所以,罗马法体系中的消费借贷,既有法学家们从抽象意义上界定的要物契约,也有实践所催生的合意契约。这一历史考察,加上对古老欧洲大陆的近代民法典和各种软法草案的评价,有助于我们透彻理解欧洲民法学界关于要物消费借贷和合意消费借贷的二元争论。这些争论忽视了两种模式和谐并存之可能;而实际上,这种解决方案在罗马法中已经显现。The Roman sources attest many times that, in dogmatic terms, loan is a real contract, which can be concluded with the agreement （consensus） and the delivery （traditio） of a certain quantity of fungible goods. In detail, however, the same sources show a steady shift towards a greater appreciation of the element of consent： we see that in the so-called ＂dematerialisation＂ of delivery （traditio brevi manu）, in the conventional determination of the place and date of return, in the solemn promise of restitution （stipulatio） accompanying the delivery, and in the promise of future loan （stipulatio de mutuo dando）.In the Roman law system, therefore, the loan is either a real contract, as declared theoretically by the jurists, or a consensual contract, as the parties want. All that together with commenting either on the Civil Codes or on the draft of Soft Law Projects allows a better understanding of the discussions currently circulating in the Old continent on loan within the modern European civil law, which continues to rotate around the dichotomy between real contracts and consensual contracts, ignoring the possibility of coexistence of the two models, which instead already sinks its roots in Roman law.

关 键 词：消费借贷 要物契约 罗马法 欧洲民法典 欧洲软法草案 

分 类 号：D913[政治法律—民商法学]