生物炭对旱作农田土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响  

Influence of Biochar on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Crop Yields in Rainfed Field

作　　者：房彬[1,2] 李心清[2] 赵斌[1] 钟磊[1] 

机构地区：[1]中华全国供销合作总社天津再生资源研究所,天津300191 [2]中国科学院地球化学研究所环境地球化学国家重点实验室,贵州贵阳550002

出　　处：《生态环境学报》2014年第8期1292-1297,共6页Ecology and Environmental Sciences

基　　金：农业科技成果转化资金项目(SQ2013EC4420013);中国科学院战略性科技先导专项(XDA05070400);贵州省农业攻关计划项目(黔科合NY字[2011]3079号);贵州省科技支撑计划项目(黔科合SY字[2013]3135号)

摘　　要：生物炭因其结构和功能特性受到国内外学者广泛关注，在农业土壤改良培肥、固碳减排等方面展现出巨大的应用潜力，但基于田间长期定位试验，开展生物炭对大田土壤理化性质及作物产量的影响研究尚不多见。以西南地区玉米（Zea mays L.）-油菜（Brassica campestris L.）轮作农田为研究对象，通过不同生物炭添加比例的田间定位试验研究了生物炭施用对旱作农田土壤容重、pH值、有机质、矿质态氮、有效磷、含水量等理化性质以及作物产量的影响，试验共设4个处理：单施复合肥、尿素（C0）；复合肥、尿素＋20 t·hm^-2生物炭（C2）；复合肥、尿素＋50 t·hm-2生物炭（C5）；复合肥、尿素＋100 t·hm^-2生物炭（C10）。结果表明：与C0对比，C5和C10处理均显著降低了土壤容重，降低幅度分别为14.6%和32.5%；C2、C5和C10处理土壤年均pH比对照组分别提高了0.10、0.17和0.15个单位；处理组土壤中有机质含量比对照组分别提高44.9%、137.7%和297.2%；土壤硝态氮含量比对照组分别提高了38.0%、26.3%和88.4%；土壤有效磷含量分别提高了34.8%、135.0%和232.2%；生物炭处理下土壤年均含水量比对照组分别提高了8.8%、29.1%和44.7%。玉米、油菜籽实和均表现为生物炭处理高于对照组。玉米籽实提高7.6%-20.3%，玉米根茎叶生物量提高8.6%-46.8%；油菜籽实产量提高显著，高于对照组15.7%-35.4%，根茎叶生物量提高-17.2%-30.3%。综合来看，本试验条件下，生物炭施用有利于降低土壤容重，提高土壤 pH、有机质含量、NO3^－-N 含量、有效磷含量、含水量，显示出生物炭作为土壤改良剂施用于农田能有效改良土壤理化性质和提高耕作性能。There has been an increased interest in biochar due to its structural and functional properties. Biochar has shown great potential in fertilizing and improving agricultural soils, and carbon sequestration and abatement. However, few literature has been reported about the influence of biochar on soil physical and chemical properties and crop yields based on long-term field trail. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of biochar amendment on the soil bulk density, pH, organic matter, nitrate nitrogen （NO3--N）, ammonium nitrogen （NH4＋-N）, available phosphorous and water content in a rainfed field with corn-rapeseed rotation in SW China. Four treatments installed in this experiment were C0 （compound fertilizer, urea）, C2 （compound fertilizer, urea plus 20 t·hm^-2 biochar）, C5 （compound fertilizer, urea plus 50 t·hm^-2 biochar）, C10 （compound fertilizer, urea plus 100 t·hm^-2 biochar）. Results showed that biochar additions in C5 and C10 significantly decreased soil bulk density by 14.6%and 32.5%comparing to C0. Under biochar addition, soil pH was increased by 0.10, 0.17 and 0.15 in C2, C5 and C10, respectively;soil organic matter （SOM） content increased by 44.9%, 137.7% and 297.2%; nitrate nitrogen content increased by 38.0%, 26.3% and 88.4%;available phosphorous content increased by 34.8%, 135.0%and 232.2%. Also, biochar addition increased average annual soil water content by 8.8%, 29.1%and 44.7%. Seed and biomass yield of both maize and rape observed improvements in all biochar-amended plots compared to the control. Maize seed and biomass yield of increased by 7.6%-20.3% and 8.6%-46.8%; rape seed yield increased significantly by 15.7%-35.4%, and biomass yield by -17.2%-30.3%. These results indicated biochar treatment was conducive in lowering the soil bulk density and enhancing the soil pH, organic matter, nitrate nitrogen（NO3^--N）, available phosphorous and water content, suggesting that as soil conditioner, biochar will obviously improve soil physical

关 键 词：生物炭 土壤理化性质 作物产量 土壤改良剂 

分 类 号：S156[农业科学—土壤学]