Individual repeatability in timing and spatial flexibility of migration routes of trans-Saharan migratory raptors  

作　　者：Pascual LOPEZ-LOPEZ Clara GARCLA-RIPOLLES Vicente URIOS 

机构地区：[1]Vertebrates Zoology Research Group, CIBIO Research Institute, University ofAlicante, Edificio Ciencias III, Apdo. 99, E-03080Alicante, Spain

出　　处：《Current Zoology》2014年第5期642-652,共11页动物学报（英文版）

摘　　要：Satellite-tracking technology has allowed scientists to make a quantum leap in the field of migration ecology. Nowadays, the basic description of migratory routes of many species of birds has been reported. However, the investigation of bird migration at individual level （i.e. repeatability in migratory routes and timing） still remains seldom explored. Here, we investigated repeated migratory trips of a trans-Saharan endangered migratory raptor, the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus, tracked by GPS satellite telemetry. We compared between- and within-individual variation in migratory routes and timing in order to assess the degree of repeatability （or conversely, the flexibility） in migration. To this end, we analysed a dataset of 48 trips （23 springs and 25 autumns） recorded for six adult birds during 2007-2013. Our results showed consistent migration timing at the individual level, both in spring and autumn. Interestingly, there was a high degree of flexibility in the routes followed by the same individual in different years, probably due to variations in meteorological conditions. Contrary to expectations of a faster migration in spring than in autumn owing to a time-minimization strategy for breeding, birds spent less time in autumn migration （13 ± 2 days, range = 9-18 d） than in spring migration （19 ± 3 days, range = 13-26 d）, which can be explained by differences in environmental con- ditions en route. Egyptian vultures showed a consistent clockwise loop migration through western Africa, following more easterly routes in autumn than in spring. Finally, our results provide supporting evidence of low phenotypic plasticity in timing of migration （i.e. strong endogenous control of migration） and high flexibility in routes [Current Zoology 60 （5）： 642-652, 2014].

关 键 词：Egyptian vulture Endogenous control GPS Loop migration Neophron percnopterus Random routes Satellite tracking Simulation 

分 类 号：Q959.7[生物学—动物学] TU241[建筑科学—建筑设计及理论]