成都城市居民累进阶梯式水价结构与政策效果分析  

Study on Structure and Policy Effects of Increasing Block Tariffs of Chengdu Residential Water

作　　者：马训舟[1] 张世秋[2] 

机构地区：[1]西南民族大学经济学院,四川成都610041 [2]北京大学环境科学与工程学院,北京100871

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2014年第11期168-175,共8页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目"城市居民水价政策研究-以成都市为例"(编号:13SZYBS09);西南民族大学应用经济学学位点建设项目(编号:2011XWD-S0202)

摘　　要：水价改革是近年来政策变革和学术研究的热点问题。由于水资源本身兼具资源产品、民生产品和普通商品的特征,居民水价改革需要兼顾资源配置效率和居民的水费承受能力的同时,也需要关注对收入分配的影响以及节水效应。本研究针对成都市拟议中的累进阶梯式水价改革,基于全社会成本定价原则,通过设计不同的全社会成本水平和对应模拟不同的阶梯式水价结构,选取能够刻画居民用水需求特征的二次近似完美的需求体系,并利用相关计量经济学方法,实证分析价格结构的差异性设计对不同政策方面的影响。首先,横向比较分析的结果表明,总体而言,累进阶梯式定价有助于兼顾效率与公平,但不同的价格结构会影响到收入分配效果和节水效应。两阶梯价格水平差越大,收入群组间的交叉补贴相应越大。阶梯价格差越大的设计反映出的结果是,通过对高收入群组奢侈性部分用水征收更高的费用,从而使得所有居民能以更低的费用满足生存性的用水需求,即实际上体现为基本和奢侈性需求这两部分用水的成本在收入群组间不同的分担比例形式。同时,不同价格结构下的人均用水量也有所不同。这些差异的客观存在,表明阶梯式水价政策改革需对各种可能方案进行评估,以确保在各种政策效果间进行合理的权衡。此外,当较高收入群组的奢侈性用水量较大时,可考虑三阶梯甚至更多阶梯数的结构设计。阶梯数设计越多,可以对不同奢侈性用水制定不同的价格,以更加灵活的方式分担奢侈性用水的成本。但需要注意的是,更多阶梯数的设计可能会导致更大的交易成本(例如居民对价格结构的认知成本、计费的会计成本等)。该结论同样提示政策制定者需要权衡不同阶梯数设计的利弊以做选择。其次,针对不同水平的全社会成本所进行的纵向比较发现,当全社会成�Water price reform is the highlight issue of policy changes and academic research.By the reason that water demand characterizes resource,livelihood and commodity product,residential water price reform must reach both the efficiency and residents＇ affordability and should also consider other goals such as income distributional and water saving effects.Aiming at the proposed increasing block tariffs in Chengdu,this study using Quardatic Almost Ideal Demand Systems as residential water demand function designs different rate structures based on the full cost recovery principle to compare their policy effects by econometric method.The results show first,increasing block tariffs in general contribute to reaching both the efficiency and fairness.However,different structures yield different results in income distributional and water saving effects.The larger gap between rates of the first and second block,the greater cross-subsidy reaches from the richer income groups to the poorer ones.This reflects it charges the richer income groups more to reduce more fees for basic needs of all income groups,and it implies the different forms of cost sharing of basic and luxury needs.Meanwhile,the per capita water consumptions are also different.The objective reality of disparities in economic performance implies water price reform must evaluate various potential schemes to insure the desire policy performance.Moreover,the three or more blocks design can be considered to implement if the luxury volumes of the richer income groups are large.More blocks design helps provide the more flexible form of cost sharing for luxury needs,although it may increase transaction cost such as cognitive and accounting costs.This result prompts the policy-makers should weight the advantage and disadvantage of design of different blocks to make decision.Besides,from the results of comparing the policy effects of tariff structures designed according to different levels of full cost,this study suggest as the full cost reaches the higher level,and more

关 键 词：累进阶梯式水价 水费承受能力 交叉补贴 节水效应 

分 类 号：X32[环境科学与工程—环境工程]