盐政制度变革与明中后期商业的发展——以漳州、泉州地区为例  

Reform of Salt Policy and Commercial Development in the Middle and Late Ming Dynasty——Take Zhangzhou and Quanzhou as Examples

作　　者：叶锦花[1] 

机构地区：[1]兰州大学经济学院

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2014年第6期65-78,178-179,共14页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目"明清灶户制度运作与福建盐场社会变迁研究"(13CZS023)

摘　　要：明初,漳州、泉州地区商业的发展水平不高、市场规模小,正统年间的盐政制度变革改变了这种状况。正统八年(1443),泉州盐课改折,食盐由官营转变为自由运销,新盐政的运作与市场发生密切关系,直接促进了漳泉地区商业的繁荣,具体体现在:灶户买米纳课,打通了东南沿海近海商路,扩大了泉州沿海地区与江浙、潮粤等地之间的商品交易网络;食盐的自由流通带动了九龙江、晋江流域沿海食盐和山区特产之间的贸易模式形成;随着商业活动的频繁,泉州地区出现灶户普遍经商、追逐财富深入人心的局面;同时也使得漳泉山区特产商品化和区域内部市镇的兴起。盐政变革带动下的漳泉商业繁荣,最终在16世纪西方国家与中国贸易之后,为漳泉地区迅速融入更为广阔的海外贸易市场提供了重要的基础。In the early Ming Dynasty,the level of commercial development among Zhangzhou and Quanzhou was not high,and market was small-scale.The salt policy reform during the Zheng Tong Years( 1436-1449) changed this situation.In 1443,Quanzhou changed the payments of salt taxes,and allowed salt to be freed distribution from government-run mode.The new policy operated closely with the market,which directly boosting the commercial prosperous development among Quanzhou and Zhangzhou areas.For example,Zaohu paid the taxes through buying rice from southeast coastal provinces,which opened the trade routes of southeast coast offshore,and expanded the commodity trading network between Quanzhou coastal areas and other provinces,such as Jiangsu,Zhejiang and Guangdong etc.,the free distribution of salt led to the formation of salt-specialty trade between coastal areas like Jiulong River,Jinjiang basin and inland areas.Frequent business activities not only promoted the Zaohu in Quanzhou area widely coming into run business for wealth pursuit,also contributed to the rise of commercialization of regional specialties and market development of inland towns.The policy reform providedan important foundation for commercial development among Quanzhou and Zhangzhou areas to rapidly integrating into broader overseas markets in 16 th century when western countries traded with China.

关 键 词：明中后期 东南沿海 商业 盐政 

分 类 号：K248[历史地理—历史学]