试论清代来华西方人的中国语言水平——从京师同文馆的建立说起  

On the Chinese Language Level of Western People Coming to China in the Qing Dynasty——Origination of the Establishment of the School of Combined Learning

作　　者：施正宇[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学对外汉语教育学院

出　　处：《清华大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2014年第6期79-87,179,共9页Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金"清代来华西方人汉语教育史研究"(13BZS100)

摘　　要：在晚清中外不平等条约中,以西方文字为条约文本法定文字的条款,向来被看作是清朝政府建立京师同文馆培养外语人才的动因,但这只是京师同文馆建立的表层原因。除了这类条款,晚清不平等条约中,还包括了有关中外往来公函用词的条款及有关中国语言学习的条款。这三类条款的提出均与清代来华西方人的满语、汉语等中国语言水平有着密切关系。可以这样认为,晚清时期,一批精通中国语言的西方人在谈判桌上,以其驾轻就熟的语言能力延续并扩大了西方列强在军事战场上的战果,使清朝政府在遭受军事上的巨大失败之后,再一次遭受了精神上的羞辱与折磨,这才是建立京师同文馆不可言说的深层原因。In the late Qing Dynasty,a lot of terms of appointing Western text as the legal text in the Sino-foreign unequal treaties are usually regarded as the motivation of the establishment of the School of Combined Learning for the foreign language personnel training by the Qing government.The author announced that it was the superficial reason of the establishment of the School of Combined Learning.The terms referred to languages and texts in a series of the Sino-foreign treaty in the Qing Dynasty,which were classified into three categories.They were the terms in relation to the choice of language version,the terms in relation to Sino-foreign official documents or correspondences and the terms in relation to Chinese language learning.On this basis,the author examined the Chinese language( including Manchu,Chinese and etc) level of Westerners coming to China in the Qing Dynasty.The author believed that,in the late Qing Dynasty,a number of non-native Chinese speakers who had a good command of Chinese language continued and expanded the victory on the military battlefield of the Western powers at the negotiating table with its language skills.Meanwhile,they made the Qing government suffer a huge mental humiliation and torture after the military defeat,which was the deep and unspeakable reason of the establishment of the School of Combined Learning.

关 键 词：京师同文馆 清代中外条约 语言文字条款 西方人 中国语言水平 

分 类 号：H195[语言文字—汉语] K249[历史地理—历史学]