塔玛亚历山大藻毒素及其对中国对虾的急性毒性  

The toxicity of Alexandrium tamarense to Fenneropenaeus chinensis

作　　者：梁忠秀[1] 李健[1] 李吉涛[1] 谭志军[1] 任海[1] 刘德月[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所,山东青岛266071

出　　处：《中国水产科学》2014年第6期1260-1267,共8页Journal of Fishery Sciences of China

基　　金：国家高技术研究发展计划:主要养殖甲壳类良种培育(2012AA10A409);国家虾产业技术体系专项(CARS-47);公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201103034);山东省自主创新专项:重要海水养殖生物种质创新及疾病阻断剂开发(2013C X80202)

摘　　要：利用美国分析化学家协会(Association of Official Analytical Chemists,AOAC)所推荐的小鼠生物法(mouse bioassay,MBA),测定了塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)(ATHK藻株)毒素粗提液的麻痹性贝毒(paralytic shellfish poisoning,PSP)毒性;采用浸浴方式,研究了该藻株对中国对虾的急性毒性;采用HE染色方法,分别对有毒藻浸浴处理和毒素粗提液注射处理后96 h中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)的鳃和肝胰腺石蜡切片进行观察。结果表明,该藻株麻痹性贝毒毒性为3.9×10–5 MU/cell(相当于7.3 pg STX Equal/cell),在同种藻株中属低毒藻株;在96 h急性毒性实验中,塔玛亚历山大藻对中国对虾的半致死浓度(LC50)为1.0×104 cells/m L,安全浓度(SC)为1.0×103 cells/m L;石蜡切片观察发现,塔玛亚历山大藻与毒素粗提液分别引起了鳃和肝胰腺组织出现细胞肿胀、空泡化等病理变化。以上研究结果提示,塔玛亚历山大藻对中国对虾有急性致死作用。为了保证中国对虾的健康养殖,养殖水体中的塔玛亚历山大藻浓度至少应该控制在1.0×103 cells/m L以下;鳃的病变直接导致对虾窒息死亡可能是塔玛亚历山大藻暴露后对虾急性致死作用的最重要原因;塔玛亚历山大藻所产的PSP毒素可引起虾体代谢和解毒的主要器官—肝胰腺的病变。Cultured shrimps are often exposed to different toxic algae during rearing practices that may affect survival and quality of the product. This study investigated the toxic effect of Alexandrium tamarense, a dinoflagellate produc-ing paralytic shellfish poison, on Chinese shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis. A mouse bioassay （MBA） method was used to determine the toxicity of the extract from A. tamarense （mouse units, MU/cell）, and the acute toxic effect of A. tamarense on F. chinensis was studied. In addition, histopathology observation was conducted in gill and hepatopan-creas after 96 h exposure to 1.0×104 cells·mL？1 of A. tamarense and intramuscular injection with 20 μL the extract from A. tamarense （6.63×104 cells/mL）. Toxicity of A. tamarense was low, which was 3.9×10–5 MU/cell. In acute toxicity experiment, the 96 h LC50 of A. tamarense was 1.0×104 cells/mL. Based on the 96 h LC50, the safe concentrations were obtained, which was 1.0×103 cells/mL. Histopathology observation revealed that A. tamarense and the extract could cause some abnormal histological changes in gill and hepatopancreas, respectively, such as cellular swelling and vacu-olated. Our study revealed that pond productivity of the harvested organisms may be affected by A. tamarense. Accor-dingly, the concentration of A. tamarense in the prawn ponds should be controlled below 1.0×103 cells/mL at least. Gills of F. chinensis might be the sensitive tissues to A. tamarense exposure. The lesions in the gills of F. chinensis that im-pedes the occurrence of gaseous interchanges is the most likely cause of shrimp death after A. tamarense exposure. The PSP produced by A. tamarense could cause the lesions in the hepatopancreas of F. chinensis.

关 键 词：塔玛亚历山大藻 中国对虾 麻痹性贝毒 毒性 组织病理学 

分 类 号：S94[农业科学—水产养殖]