马王堆帛画与汉初“道者”的信仰  

Paintings on Silk in the Mawangdui Tombs and Early Han "Taoist" Beliefs

作　　者：姜生[1] 

机构地区：[1]四川大学文化科技协同创新研发中心

出　　处：《中国社会科学》2014年第12期176-199,209,共24页Social Sciences in China

摘　　要：汉墓画像符号系统隐含着以死后生命转化成仙为核心主题的思想逻辑。马王堆一号汉墓T形帛画所绘九日,可从道教文献所传递的"九天开则九日俱明于东方"信仰获证;帛画与整个墓葬一起表达着被汉初"道者"重构的尸解成仙信仰。"道者"群体是汉初这种跨接神仙方术与黄老道之新信仰体系的构筑者和主张者。马王堆汉墓证明,由死到仙的生命转换乃是汉墓的最高宗旨;墓葬作为中间环节在这种转换过程中被赋予独特的功能,其物理-文化构件是架设和表达这一过程的话语符号。汉墓接受战国以来的尸解信仰作为终极意义的实现方式,以黄老道为思想诠释系统,两相融合,形成新信仰体系,于是过去至为简单的"形解销化之术"被超越,"得道"成为"成仙"的前提,死后生命转换逻辑在更高的层面得到完善,形成较之战国燕齐尸解信仰更为丰富完善的思想基础。作为尸解信仰的墓葬实例,马王堆汉墓是汉初"因阴阳之大顺、采儒墨之善"的"道者"群体之神仙信仰的符号化表达。The paintings and symbols in Han Dynasty tombs contain an implicit intellectual logic whose core theme is the posthumous attainment of immortality.The nine suns depicted in the T-shaped silk painting in the Mawangdui Han Dynasty Tomb One attest to the belief that 'All nine suns shine in the east once the nine heavens open'conveyed in Taoist documents.Taken together,the silk painting and the whole tomb complex show the belief in the attainment of immortality through release from the corpse as reconstructed by early Han 'Taoists.'This group were the creators and proponents of this new belief system in the early Han Dynasty,in a crossover between the art of immortality and the new belief of Huang-LaoTaoism.The Mawangdui tombs demonstrate that the transformation from death to immortality was the supreme goal of Han tombs.Tomb burial,as a transitional link,had a unique function in the process of transformation,and its physical-cultural components were discourse symbols that constituted and expressed this process.The Han tombs express the belief,handed down from the Warring States period,in release from the corpse as the ultimate attainment.The Huang-Lao Taoism provided an intellectual interpretation that blended the two in a new belief system.Thus,the previous simple method of 'shedding one's mortal form and melting away' was transcended and 'attainment of the Way'became a precondition of 'attainment of immortality,'raising the level of the logic of posthumous transformation into immortality and providing a richer and more comprehensive intellectual foundation than the Warring States period belief in release from the corpse in the states of Yan and Qi.As a tangible example of belief in release from the corpse,the Mawangdui tombs constitute a symbolic expression of the belief in immortality of these early Han 'Taoist'groups who 'followed the great principle of Yin and Yang and accepted what was best in Confucianism and Mohism.'

关 键 词：马王堆汉墓 T形帛画 九天信仰 黄老道 尸解信仰 

分 类 号：K879.4[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]