南疆滴灌棉田休闲期土壤入渗特性研究  

Soil Infiltration Characteristics in Fallow Period of Drip Irrigation Cotton Fields in South Xinjiang

作　　者：姚宝林[1,2] 李光永[1] 李发永[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学水利与土木工程学院,北京100083 [2]塔里木大学水利与建筑工程学院,新疆阿拉尔843300

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2014年第22期4453-4462,共10页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(51169024);国家科技支撑计划(2013BAC10B01)

摘　　要：目的南疆塔里木盆地是生态环境极其脆弱的极端干旱内陆河流域,是中国主要优质棉生产基地,覆膜及滴灌等节水灌溉技术的发展缓解了棉花生育期水资源短缺矛盾,但冬春灌定额较高。探索膜下滴灌棉田不同地表覆盖模式和冬灌定额对春季休闲期土壤入渗特性的影响,为合理确定春灌定额和提高灌水效率提供依据。方法利用双环定水头土壤入渗仪进行土壤入渗试验,设计灌溉方式为冬灌定额200 mm和免冬灌两种;地表覆盖方式分为裸地(冬灌前拔掉棉秆、揭去残膜)、留秆(冬灌时棉秆不拔除,棉秆及残膜留在地里)和玉米秸秆覆盖(冬灌后在留秆棉田覆盖长度5—10 cm、厚度5 cm的玉米秸秆)3种,合计6个处理。比较各处理土壤入渗特性、模型模拟土壤入渗过程、分析土壤入渗影响因素。结果冬灌可降低土壤初始入渗速率、稳定入渗率和累计入渗量,冬灌裸地、留秆和秸秆覆盖初始入渗率比免冬灌裸地、留秆和秸秆覆盖减少22.51%、21.49%和12.94%;稳定入渗率分别减少75.86%、27.27%和42.86%;累计入渗量分别减少61.98%、22.18%和29.31%,(免)冬灌秸秆覆盖初始入渗率比裸地和留秆分别减少14.74%、15.20%和4.20%、5.96%;(免)冬灌稳定入渗速率和累计入渗量为裸地>秸秆覆盖>留杆处理,稳定入渗率(免)冬灌裸地分别是秸秆覆盖和留秆的2.96、4.39倍和1.25、1.46倍,累计入渗量免冬灌裸地最大,为免冬灌秸秆覆盖的2.13倍、免冬灌留秆的2.39倍、冬灌裸地2.63倍、冬灌秸秆覆盖3.01倍和冬灌留秆3.07倍。免冬灌裸地入渗速率衰减速度最慢,冬灌裸地入渗速率衰减速度最快。通过对决定系数和均方根误差的分析,通用经验模型和Kostiakov模型能较好模拟各处理土壤入渗过程,Horton模型次之,Philip模型拟合较差。相关分析表明,土壤初始入渗率、稳定入渗率和累计入渗量与土壤初始含水量和土壤干容重成负相�[Objective]The ecological environment in Tarim basin of southern Xinjiang is extremely fragile, as it’s in the arid inland river basin. As the major high quality cotton production base, mulching, drip irrigation and other water-saving irrigation technologies have relieved the contradictions of the water shortages during cotton growth period, but the winter-spring irrigation 〈br〉 quota is relatively high. The infiltration characteristics and its influencing factors of drip irrigation cotton fields during fallow period under different surface mulching and winter irrigation quotas in south Xinjiang were studied with the aiming at providing a theoretical basis for the spring irrigation quota and irrigation efficiency.[Method]The double-ring infiltrometer was used to measure the infiltration in a constant-head experiment. Six treatments for winter irrigation with bare fields （WIB, and the winter irrigation quota was 200 mm, the same as below）, winter irrigation with high stubble fields （WIS）, winter irrigation with straw mulching fields （WIM）, no-winter irrigation with bare fields （NWIB）, no-winter irrigation with high stubble fields （NWIS） and no-winter irrigation with straw mulching fields （NWIM） were designed. The soil infiltration characteristics and simulation infiltration process were compared and the infiltration factors were analyzed.[Result]The results showed that winter irrigation reduced initial infiltration rate, stable infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration, while WIB, WIS and WIM decreased the initial infiltration rate, stable infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration compared with NWIB, NWIS and NWIM by 22.51%, 21.49% and 12.94%, 75.86%, 27.27% and 42.86%, 61.98%, 22.18%and 29.31%, respectively. NWIM and WIM reduced the initial infiltration rate compared with bare field and high stubble fields by 14.74%, 15.20%and 4.20%, 5.96%, respectively. NWIM and WIM stable infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration showed bare fields〉straw mulching fields〉high stubble

关 键 词：南疆 滴灌棉田 土壤入渗 入渗模型 

分 类 号：S152.72[农业科学—土壤学]