疑问语气词“婆”的语源及其流变  

Etymology and Historical Change of the Interrogative Particle“Po(婆)”

作　　者：储泰松[1] 杨军[2] 

机构地区：[1]安徽师范大学文学院,安徽芜湖241002 [2]安徽大学文学院,合肥230039

出　　处：《安徽师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2015年第1期83-91,共9页Journal of Anhui Normal University(Hum.&Soc.Sci.)

基　　金：教育部人文社科规划基金项目"梵汉对音相关理论问题研究"(13YJA740007)

摘　　要："婆"用于"VP-neg"句式,与"不、非、未、无"可以互换,功能相同。通过排比佛典同一故事内容的异译,认为"VP不"式的"不"作为语气词是北方语言的特点,南方正反问句采用"VP不VP"格式来表达。通过音义关系的考察,认为"不、非、未、无"具有同源关系,"婆"源于"不",是通语"不"在西部方言中的变体。唐代以后,正反问句中"不""无"的使用出现此消彼长,口语里"无"保留了古音,而"不"则借"婆"延续生命力。"VP-neg"式里的否定词逐渐固化为塞音声母和鼻音声母两类,主元音为[a]类及其变音,并以此为基点逐渐扩散,在不同的时间和不同的地域,分别用了不同的字来记录,"婆"写作"波、啵、罢、吧";"无"写作"磨、摩、麽、么、末、没、嘛、吗"。The “Po（婆）” was used in the sentence pattern “VP--neg”, it could interchange with “Bu （不）, Fei （非）, Wei （未）, Wu （无）” and they had same function. Through paralleling the different Chinese translation of the same stories of the Buddhist scriptures, the “Bu （不）” in the sentence pattern “VP--不” as a particle is the feature of northern dialects. The main positive and negative question sentence pattern in the southerri dialects is “VPI--不--VP”. Through investigating the relations between phonetic and seman- tic, the words “Bu （不）, Fei （非）, Wei （未）, Wu （无）” have homological relationship. Originated from the “Bu （不）”, the “Po（ 婆 ）” is the variant of the “Bu （不）” in the western dialects. After the Tang Dynas ty, the uses of the “Bu （不）” and the“Wu （无）” in the positive and negative question sentence pattern had a reciprocal relationship. The “Wu （无）” was preserved the ancient phonology in the oral language, while the “Bu （不）” continued its vitality by virtue of the “Po（婆） ”. The negatives in the sentence pattern “VP-- neg” had been becoming two kinds of fixed forms gradually, the one had nasal initials and the other had stop initials. Their main vowels were the [-a] category and its altered phonetic forms. Based on these two kinds, the negatives diffused gradually. They were recorded by different Chinese characters in different time and different districts.

关 键 词：正反问句 否定词 婆 语源 音变 

分 类 号：H039[语言文字—语言学]