湖区小麦-玉米轮作模式下不同施肥措施调控氮磷养分流失研究  

EFFECTS OF FERTILIZATION CONTROLLING NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS LOSS FROM FARMLAND UNDER WHEAT-MAIZE ROTATION IN NANSI LAKE REGION

作　　者：谭德水[1] 江丽华[1] 谭淑樱[2] 徐钰[1] 郑福丽[1] 李国生[1] 刘兆辉[1] 

机构地区：[1]山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业部黄淮海平原农业环境重点实验室,济南250100 [2]山东省农业科学院试验基地服务中心,济南250100

出　　处：《土壤学报》2015年第1期128-137,共10页Acta Pedologica Sinica

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201003014;201203079);国家自然科学基金项目(31101601);山东省自主创新专项项目(2012CX90202);山东省泰山学者"农业面源污染防控"岗位和国家小麦产业技术体系(CARS-03)联合资助

摘　　要：针对我国南水北调东线过水区南四湖富营养化问题,利用沿湖流域典型种植模式——小麦-玉米轮作体系,选择材料易获取的几种施肥措施,采用田间原位安装淋溶水采集器和地表水径流池收集水样,室内分析不同处理防控氮磷养分流失的效果。结果表明：各施肥措施在作物不同茬口均能降低氮磷养分的随水流失,不同模式防控养分流失效果有差异;氮径流损失中,硝态氮占主要比例,玉米季和小麦季分别为82.7%~86.4%和94.2%~96.5%,而淋溶途径中硝态氮比例略有下降;径流为氮损失的主要途径,玉米茬口氮损失比例占轮作周年的67.0%~71.4%;磷径流损失中可溶性磷和颗粒磷比例相当,而淋溶磷以可溶性磷为主;淋溶途径损失的磷养分比例稍高,仍以玉米茬口总磷损失为主,占54.4%~63.1%;防控氮磷流失结合周年作物产量,玉米上使用减量控释氮肥或优化施肥配合秸秆还田、小麦上优化施肥或使用减量控释氮肥是相对理想的养分运筹搭配模式。To tackle the problem of water eutrophication of the Nansi Lake along the eastern line of the South-North Water Diversion Project in China, field experiments were carried out on fertilization in farmland under wheat-maize rota- tion, typical of the region, to explore its effect of controlling S and P loss. In the experiments, market-available fertilizers were used and in-situ lysimeters and surface runoff pools were set up to collect leachate and runoff for lab analysis. Results show that fertilization, regardless of its method, reduced nitrogen and phosphorus loss with water in both crop seasons. The effect varied with fertilization method. NO3- -N was the main form of nitrogen lost with runoff water, accounting for 82.7%~ 86.4% in the maize season and for 94.2% 96.5% in the wheat season, however, it declined slightly in leachate, which suggests that surface runoff is the main route of nitrogen loss. Nitrogen loss during the maize season amounted to 67.0% ~ 71.4% of the total of a year. P loss via surface runoff consisted almost equally of dissolved phos- phorus and particulate phosphorus, while P loss via leaching was dominated with dissolved phosphorus, and accounted for a larger proportion of the total. A greater proportion, 54.4% ~ 63.1% of the P loss of a year occurred during the maize growing season. Taking into account both control of N and P loss and crop production of a year, it is advisable to apply decrement controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer or optimize fertilization coupled with straw incorporation for maize season, and optimize fertilization or apply decrement controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer for wheat.

关 键 词：南四湖区 小麦玉米轮作 施肥措施 氮磷流失 调控 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学] S626