墨西哥湾“深水地平线”溢油事故处理研究进展  

Research Progress on “Deepwater Horizon” Oil Spill of Gulf of Mexico

作　　者：包木太[1,2] 皮永蕊[1,2] 孙培艳[3] 李一鸣[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]中国海洋大学海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东青岛266100 [2]中国海洋大学化学化工学院,山东青岛266100 [3]国家海洋局海洋溢油鉴别与损害评估技术重点实验室,国家海洋局北海环境监测中心,山东青岛266033

出　　处：《中国海洋大学学报（自然科学版）》2015年第1期55-62,共8页Periodical of Ocean University of China

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(41376084);教育部新世纪优秀人才支持计划(NCET-11-0464);教育部"创新团队发展计划"(IRT1289);山东省科技发展计划(2011GHY11522)项目资助

摘　　要：2010年4月20日美国墨西哥湾“深水地平线”石油钻井平台发生爆炸,并引发大火,致使大量的原油（～500万桶）在深海（～1 500 m）泄露,这场灾难造成了巨大的环境和经济损失,也对石油开采业的发展产生了负面影响.文中综述了此次事故溢出石油的总量,泄露速率以及测量相关数据中所涉及的技术及方法,对进一步研究溢油转移的趋势和转化过程具有指导意义.喷洒了6.6×10^6 L的消油剂,消油剂可以促使溢油的快速分散,同时也会给海洋生态系统造成一定的影响.该事故对墨西哥湾的植被和海洋生物有不同程度的影响,如沼泽植被、海水中的浮游动/植物、鱼类、贝类、珊瑚虫、迁徙鸟类,甚至是墨西哥湾大型底栖生物.此次溢油事故涉及各种不同的环境情况,为研究石油烃降解菌在溢油转移和降解过程中种群和群落的变化提供了一个独特的机会,消油剂处理过的溢油转化机理以及微生物降解过程中生物表面活性剂的产生与生物标志物以及微生物菌落的变化之间的关系,仍需要进一步的深入研究和探讨.It was well known that on April 20,2010,the Deepwater Horizon oil drilling rig exploded to be fired with the largest release oil （～4.9 million barrels） at significant depth （～1500 m） into the ocean,resulting in 11 crew member fatalities.The disaster caused enormous environmental and economic damage,but also brought enormous variables to the oil development of United States even all over the word.In this paper,we reviewed that the science and engineering and various technological methods to evaluate the total amount of the spilled gas and oil and the flow rate at the surface and deep sea,and the corresponding models setting up for further study of the oil transfer trend.In order to prevent further contamination of oil spill on the coastline,6.6 million liters of dispersants were sprayed to the surface and wellhead during the accident.These dispersants could stimulate oil dissolved in seawater,but also had some impact on the marine ecosystem.Vegetation and marine organisms are also subjected to different degrees impact such as marsh vegetation,oysters,coral community,fish,migratory shorebirds even the distribution of macrofaunal biomass in the deep-sea in the Gulf of Mexico.The damage of oil spill was associated with the activity of different toxic compounds,for example,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were particularly dangerous on biological organisms.The oil spill provides a unique opportunity to examine changes in hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial community structures during oil movement and degradation,as this oil spill occurred across an enormous spatial gradient with drastically different environmental conditions.Although researchers in related fields have done a lot of research and achieved many achievements,the transport mechanisms of the dispersants treated oil pollution and the relevance of the biological markers associate with the biosurfactants produced by the hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial community during the degradation progress requires further in-depth discussion.

关 键 词：深水地平线溢油 溢油速度 石油分散剂 海洋系统 石油烃降解菌 

分 类 号：TE991.5[石油与天然气工程—石油机械设备]