清末革命团体与秘密会党:以同盟会武装起义为主  

Revolutionary Organizations and Secret Societies in the Late Qing Period:Centered on the Armed Uprisings of the Tongmenghui

作　　者：李平秀[1] 

机构地区：[1]韩国成均馆大学东亚学术院,研究教授首尔110745

出　　处：《近代史研究》2015年第1期58-78,160,共21页Modern Chinese History Studies

摘　　要：本文通过对同盟会六次武装起义的分析,重新考察清末革命团体与秘密会党之间的关系。本文视角有别于"孙中山中心史观"或"革命派中心史观",认为传统所谓"同时起义"和"粤桂滇三省起义的领导机关"并不符合历史情况。其次,促进起义开展的组织大概可以分为四类:孙中山等同盟会人士构成的"设计组织";天地会等秘密会党首领组成的"执行组织";华侨、日本后援者构成的"援助组织";有些清军将领及其所部组成的"辅助组织"。其中,设计组织应该对起义的失败负根本性责任。又次,这种武装起义的结构与同盟会的前身兴中会时期基本一致,均是以天地会等秘密会党首领为媒介形成同盟会与会党之合作关系,在合作中,秘密会党同样具有反抗清朝的主体意识和自觉意识。Through analysis of six armed uprisings of the Tongmenghui(Chinese United League),this article re-examines the relationship between revolutionary organizations and secret societies.The perspective of this article differs from the ' Sun Yatsen-centered historical viewpoint' or the ' revolution-centered historical viewpoint.' Based on this position,the author first argues that the phenomena traditionally referred to as ' simultaneous uprisings' and the ' leadership body of the GuangdongGuizhou-Yunnan Uprising' actually did not exist.Second,the author argues that the organizations that promoted uprisings can generally be divided into four categories: ' design organizations,' including those constructed by Sun Yat-sen and other members of the Tongmenghui; ' implementation organizations,' composed of the leaders of the Heaven and Earth Society and other secret societies; ' support organizations,' constructed by overseas Chinese and Japanese sponsors;and ' auxiliary organizations,' composed of the Qing generals and their troops.Among these,design organizations should take basic responsibility for the failure of those uprisings.Finally,the structures of these armed uprisings were basically similar to that of the Xingzhonghui(the Tongmenghui's predecessor);they were all co-operative relations between the Tongmenghui and secret societies,formed with leaders of the Heaven and Earth Society and other secret societies as the mediums.While cooperating like this,the secret societies also had the primary,conscious goal of resisting the Qing dynasty.

关 键 词：革命团体 同盟会 秘密会党 天地会 武装起义 

分 类 号：K257[历史地理—历史学]