虚拟环境中的知觉动作和心理训练研究  

A Review of Perception Action and Mental Training Based on Virtual Environment in Sports Situation

作　　者：杨勇涛[1] 张忠秋[2] 

机构地区：[1]天津体育学院竞技运动心理与生理调控重点实验室,天津300381 [2]国家体育总局体育科学研究所,北京100061

出　　处：《西安体育学院学报》2015年第1期101-115,共15页Journal of Xi'an Physical Education University

基　　金：国家体育总局科研所基本科研业务费资助项目(基本12-23);上海体育学院研究生科研创新计划资助项目(yjscx201005)

摘　　要：虚拟现实技术是心理学研究中一个新范式,它具有多感知性、沉浸感和交互性等特征。它解决了传统知觉预测研究中知觉和动作分离的现象,使研究更加接近真实运动情景,提高了生态学效度。十多年来,国外研究者对棒球、手球、足球等虚拟运动情境中知觉和动作之间关系进行了探讨,结果发现,运动员在虚拟情境中能够做出准确的拦截动作。关于外场手接球问题,研究者用查普曼策略(OAC)和视线轨迹理论(LOT)给予了详细解释;虚拟运动情境中感知和动作匹配程度高低影响知觉动作绩效,匹配程度越高,动作绩效越好。在心理治疗方面,基于虚拟环境的心理治疗对恐怖症、恐高症等心理问题疗效显著,但虚拟治疗仍以传统心理咨询和治疗理论为基础。已有研究重点关注运动员在虚拟运动情境中的运动表现及这种表现和现实情境中的一致性程度,较少研究对虚拟情境中的专家优势及其机制进行探讨,也鲜见研究使用虚拟环境对运动员进行心理训练。虽然沉浸感是虚拟现实技术的关键特征,但大多研究很少对沉浸感进行评估。未来研究者除了重点关注虚拟情境中知觉动作关系外,还应进一步借助ERP/f MRI技术对专家优势的机制进行探讨,为运动员的训练和竞赛提供理论和实践指导。Virtual Reality is a new research paradigm in psychology research area,it has some characteristics such as multi-perception,immersive and interaction. Virtual reality solves the problem that perception and action separating,leads the perception and action study more natural,improves the study ecological validity,and holds great promise for the study of perception- action. In decades,researches about the relationship between perception and action in baseball,handball and tennis found that,athletes can make exact interceptive actions in virtual environment. For outfielder how to catch fly balls,Chapman Strategy or OAC and Linear Optical Trajectory Theory（ LOT） can explain this problem to some degree. Moreover,the matching degree of perception and action may impact performance,that is to say,higher matching degree,better action performance. And this is helpful for understanding the ＂perception- action loop＂. Moreover,previous studies always focus on the performance of athletes in virtual environments,and the consistency of performance in virtual environment and real situation.However,there have few studies discuss the expertise and its mechanism in virtual environment,also mental training using virtual environment. Importantly,few researches measured the presence of subjects. In future,more studies should be focused on not the relationship between perception and action,but its mechanisms by using ERP / f MRI technical,aiming to provide theory and practice guidance to athletes’ training and competing.

关 键 词：虚拟现实 知觉动作 专家优势 心理治疗 心理训练 

分 类 号：G804.86[文化科学—运动人体科学]