意义即用法,规则即类推——从维特根斯坦的语言观和数学观说起  

Meaning is Usage,and Rule is Analogy——from Wittgenstein's Views on Language and Mathematics

作　　者：陈保亚[1] 陈樾[2] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国语言学研究中心,北京100871 [2]中国科学院数学与系统科学研究院,北京100190

出　　处：《北京大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2015年第1期116-124,共9页Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目"基于中国语言及方言的语言接触类型和演化建模研究"(项目批准号:14ZBD102);国家社科基金重点项目"基于严格语音对应的汉语与民族语言关系字专题研究"(项目批准号:13AZD051)

摘　　要：很多学者把维特根斯坦意义即用法的主张理解为词在语言游戏中的用法,其实更重要的方面是儿童在语言游戏中获得词义的过程和条件,即词义的获得不是解释而是训练。这也是维特根斯坦再次关注数学基础问题并重返哲学研究的主要驱动力之一。他由此提出意义即用法的观点,抛弃了早期词和对象对应的图像论观点。意义用法论具有重要的认识论价值,因为真正的元语言的意义只能通过使用获得,这样的元语言就是自然语言,而自然语言内部无法区分对象语言和元语言,不可能完全形式化,因此数学、哲学不可能有逻辑基础。但是,基于意义即用法论的语言游戏说、家族相似说并不能否认共相论的存在,自然语言是有规则的,获得自然语言规则的基本方式就是类推,类推也是人类必要的基本认识行为之一。承认类推就需要承认和类推相关的共相、原型、模型、隐喻等范畴。Many scholars believe it is important that the meaning of a word is best understood as their use in a given language-game, which was proposed in Wittgenstein＇ s Philosophical Investigations. We believe, what is more important exists in the process and condition that children get the meaning in a language game. Language teaching is not explanation, but training. This process and condition made Wittgenstein pay attention to mathematical foundation again and return to study philosophy. He proposed his word -usage theory and discarded his earlier picture theory that individual words in a language name objects, and sentences are combinations of such names. Wittgenstein＇ s word-usage theory has its important value for epistemology because the meaning of real metalanguage can be got only through usage. This kind of metalanguages are natural languages. The object language and metalanguage can＇t be differentiated in a natural language. Natural languages can＇ t be formalized completely. Therefore, both mathematics and philosophy have no logical foundation. However, the word-usage theory based on language games and family resemblances can＇ t negate the existence of the view of common phase. Any nature language has its rules, which are got by analogy. Analogy is one of the basic and necessary laws of cognition. To accept analogy needs to accept its related categories such as common phase, prototype, model and metaphor.

关 键 词：元语言 类推 数学基础 共相 家族相似 

分 类 号：H0-06[语言文字—语言学]