人工孵化及育雏技术在北京地区鸳鸯(Aix galericulata)重引入项目中的应用  

Artificial Incubation and Hand Rearing of Mandarin Duck(Aix galericulata) for a Reintroduction Project in the Beijing Area

作　　者：崔多英[1] 杜洋[1] 曹亚妮[1] 赵娟[1] 张媛媛[1] 李静[1] 孟彤[1] 张金国[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京动物园,北京100044

出　　处：《野生动物学报》2014年第4期420-425,共6页CHINESE JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(No.31470460);北京市公园管理中心科研项目:北京地区野生鸳鸯(Aix galericulata)繁殖生态学及保护策略研究

摘　　要：2009～2013年,连续5 a在北京动物园收集堆巢（Dump nesting）和弃巢（Drop nesting）的鸳鸯卵共计254枚用于人工孵化和育雏研究.其中受精卵218枚,受精率85.83％;出雏205只,受精卵孵化率94.04％.采用恒温孵化法,孵化机温度（37.6±0.2）℃,湿度50％～55％;落盘后移至出雏机,温度（37.0±0.2）℃,稍低于孵化温度,湿度70％～75％,稍高的湿度有利于雏鸟出壳.鸳鸯卵的鲜卵重（48.09 ±4.02）g,卵长径（53.09±1.43）mm,短径（39.95±1.62） mm,卵形指数为1.33±0.06.平均孵化期（29.10 ±0.32）d,孵化期间的平均失重率（16.13±1.27）％.卵重与孵化天数存在显著负相关关系.线性回归方程：y=-0.279x＋ 48.06,其中x表示孵化天数,y表示卵重.人工育雏满45 d的青年鸳鸯体型已接近成鸟,活力旺盛,觅食和躲避天敌的能力较强.经过兽医体检、放飞前评估和林业主管部门审批后全部在北京地区放归野外,并进行野化放飞后的跟踪监测.其中,2009年野化放飞18只鸳鸯,2010年放飞14只,2011年放飞47只,2012年放飞16只,2013年放飞100只,连续5 a共野化放飞鸳鸯195只.鸳鸯重引入项目的实施,可以壮大北京地区野生鸳鸯种群数量,实现北京动物园野生动物移地保护的重要职能.We collected 254 eggs from dump nesting and drop nesting by mandarin duck to research artificial incubation and hand rearing in Beijing Zoo from 2009 to 2013. Of these, 218 eggs （86%）were fertilized and 205 eggs（94%）were successfully hatched. Incubation temperature and humidity were held constant in an incubator at 37. 6 ±0. 2℃ and 50% -55%, respectively. The incubation temperature dropped to 37. 0 ± 0.2℃ and humidity increased to 70% - 75% after eggs were removed to a tray. The weight of fresh eggs was 48.09 ±4. 02 g, the long diameter was 53.09 ± 1.43 mm and the short diameter was 39. 95± 1.62 mm with an egg shape index of 1.33 ±0.06. The average incubation period was 29.10 ±0. 32 d, and the average weight loss rate was 16.13%. Pearson correlation of egg weight and days of incubation was significant at the 0. 01 level（2-tailed）, r= -0. 999. The regression equation between egg weight（y）and days of incubation（x）was y= -0. 279x±48. 06（Ft2 =0. 999, P〈0. 01）. The body size of ducklings at 45 d was similar to that of adults. The young mandarin ducks were energetic and able to feed and avoiding predators. After veterinary examination, pre-releasing assessment, and receipt of approval from the forestry authority, we released and reintroduced all hand-reared mandarin ducks to Beijing Zoo, other parks, as well as the suburb rivers and lakes in Beijing City. We released 18 ducks in 2009, 14 in 2010, 47 in 2011, 16 in 2012, and 100 in 2013, for a total of 195 over a 5-year period. The implementation of mandarin duck reintroduction program will increase the population in Beijing, and realize the important function of Beijing Zoo for wildlife ex-situ conservation.

关 键 词：鸳鸯 人工孵化 人工育幼 重引入 移地保护 

分 类 号：Q959.7[生物学—动物学]