论杂交水稻的育种方法  

Review on the methods of hybrid rice breeding

作　　者：陈立云[1] 雷东阳[1] 唐文帮[1] 邓化冰[1] 肖应辉[1] 张桂莲[1] 

机构地区：[1]湖南农业大学农学院,湖南长沙410128

出　　处：《湖南农业大学学报（自然科学版）》2015年第1期1-6,共6页Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Natural Sciences)

基　　金：国家农业科技成果转化资金项目(2014GB2D200210;2008GB2D200227);国家自然科学基金项目(31371714;31401364;31101134);高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金项目(20124320120001)

摘　　要：推广杂交水稻是增加粮食产量的最有效途径;杂交水稻育种是发展杂交水稻的技术核心;杂交水稻育种方法是决定其选育成效的关键。笔者近年在杂交水稻育种方面取得了一定成就,为了总结经验,便于交流,就杂交水稻育种所采用的方法进行回顾。探讨杂交水稻育种方向的确定方法和育种目标确定的原则,认为杂交水稻育种必须符合国家经济建设和社会发展需求,必须符合市场经济规律需求,必须符合企业盈利需求,必须符合未来发展需求;提出杂交水稻育种性状选择要做到"全优、中庸、和谐",即双亲遗传距离适当,绝大部分性状的选择只选中间类型的,且所选性状要求达到与人和谐、与环境和谐以及性状之间相互和谐;高度重视亲本优良性状选择和杂交种性状全优;突出早发性、理想株形、抗倒性、高结实性、后期强功能性、稻米低垩白粒率等性状选择;必须人为创造或利用自然条件对一些重要性状进行增压选择;少种植育种材料和测交F1,多安排品比组合;特别重视品比试验的质量和准确性;注重品种审定规则及标准等。The popularization of hybrid rice is the most effective way to increase food production. Hybrid rice breeding isthe core technology for the development of hybrid rice, and, its methods are the key to determine the breeding efficiency. Based on achievements gained by authors on hybrid rice breeding in recent years, the paper reviews methods used in hybrid rice breeding with the purpose to sum up experience and to facilitate communication. The methods for determining the direction of hybrid rice breeding and the principles of establishing the breeding objectives are discussed, i.e. keeping in line with national economic structure and meeting social development demands, conforming to the law of market economy, entrepreneur profit, and future development needs. The principle of ＇moderation, harmony and excellent＇ in hybrid rice breeding is proposed. The genetic differences between parents must be moderate, and all traits should be excellent and high harmony with human, with environment, as well as harmony among traits. It should be paid high attention to excellent trait selection on parents and hybrids. Hybrid rice breeding should be focused on some key traits, such as early growth and quick tillering, ideal plant type, lodging resistance, high seed setting rate, strong vigor at later stage and lower percentage of chalky grain, etc. Some important traits must be selected after full demonstration by artificial creating or taking advantage of natural condition. Breeding materials and test cross F1 should be planted less, while the combinations of variety comparative test should be planted more. More attention should be paid to the quality and accuracy of variety comparative test, as well as to the rules and standards of variety certification.

关 键 词：杂交水稻 育种 性状选择 

分 类 号：S511.33[农业科学—作物学]