印度生物资源及相关传统知识获取与惠益分享制度的实效分析  

Analysis on the Implementation Effects of India's Access and Benefit Sharing Regime on Biological Resources and Relevant Traditional Knowledge

作　　者：林燕梅[1] 成功[2] 

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院,北京100088 [2]中央民族大学生命与环境科学学院,北京100081

出　　处：《贵州师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2015年第1期98-103,共6页Journal of Guizhou Normal University(Social Sciences)

摘　　要：为了履行《生物多样性公约》,各缔约方应制订生物资源及相关传统知识的合法获取的法律规范,并实施公平公正地分享因其利用而产生惠益的法律制度。印度率先于世界各国制定了生物资源及相关传统知识的获取与惠益分享制度,在区分了外国人/外国机构与印度人/印度机构的申请之后,印度法律规定了获取生物资源及相关传统知识、研究成果转让、知识产权和第三方转让等四种基本申请程序。然而该制度的实施并不理想,长达10年中,印度国家生物多样性总局与各类申请人仅仅签署了117份获取与惠益分享协议。而且还有四个问题有待解决:生物遗传资源及相关传统知识的权属问题;地方社区在获取与惠益分享决策的地位问题;生物资源及相关传统知识使用者遵守获取与惠益分享规定的动力问题;监测和跟踪机制的问题。本文通过梳理印度的实施情况,分析该制度实施中遇到的困难,以供我国在生物资源及相关传统知识的立法过程中参考借鉴。In order to implement the ＂Convention on Biological Diversity （CBD）＂ all parties should enact laws and regulations to ensure legal access to biological resources and relevant traditional knowledge, and fair and equitable share of benefits arising from their uses. India is one of the first countries establishing access and benefit sharing （ABS） legal regime. India＇s ABS legal regime requires four basic application procedures to regulate foreigners＇ access to biological resources, transfer of research results, transfer of intellectual properties and third party transfer. However, the statistics shows that the implementation of this ABS regime is not effective as it was expected. India＇ s National Biodiversity Authority （NBA） only signed 117 ABS agreements with all applicants in the past ten years. Four critical issues remains to be unsolved： who owns the property rights over biological resources and relevant traditional knowledge; how local community can participate in ABS decision making; motivation of users to compile with ABS requirements ; mechanisms to monitor and enforce ABS regime. This paper summarizes the actual effects of implementation of India＇ s ABS regime, analyzes challenges India faced in implementing ABS regime. Lessons learned from Indian experiences will be valuable resources for our country＇ s legislation on ABS regime.

关 键 词：生物多样性公约 印度 生物资源 传统知识 获取与惠益分享(ABS) 

分 类 号：D912.6[政治法律—环境与资源保护法学]