新疆天然草地毒草灾害分布与防控对策  

The Disaster, Ecological Distribution and Control of Poisonous Weeds in Natural Grasslands of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

作　　者：严杜建[1,2] 周启武 路浩[1] 吴晨晨[1] 赵宝玉[1] 曹丹丹[1] 马烽[1] 刘晓学 

机构地区：[1]西北农林科技大学动物医学院,陕西杨凌712100 [2]阿克苏职业技术学院,新疆阿克苏843000 [3]临沧师范高等专科学校,云南临沧677000

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2015年第3期565-582,共18页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：农业部"十二五"公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203062)

摘　　要：新疆天然草地是少数民族地区畜牧业发展的物质基础,也是维持新疆自然生态坏境的重要组成部分。但长期以来,由于草地干旱、严重超载放牧、盲目开垦、人口增长等自然和人为因素的影响,以及草地基础设施建设投入不足和管理滞后,草地逆向演替,使得优良牧草逐年减少,毒草趁机大量繁衍滋生,造成草地大面积沙化和毒草化,致使大量家畜每年因误食毒草而中毒,甚至死亡。特别是近几十年来,草地毒草的迅速蔓延,造成草地植被群落和生物多样性减少,植被单一化,可食牧草急剧减少、草产量下降,草地退化和毒草化程度加剧。严重制约了草地畜牧业经济的持续发展,部分牧区天然草地毒草化已导致毒害草灾害多发、频发,甚至爆发,已经从基本的生态学问题上升为一个社会问题。新疆是中国主要牧区之一,天然草地总面积5 725.88万hm2,可利用草地面积4 800.68万hm2,位居全国第三。目前85.0%可利用天然草地出现不同程度的退化,37.50%草地严重退化,毒草发生面积接近700万hm2,约占全国天然草地毒草危害面积的20.42%,年平均牲畜毒草中毒死亡数超过3 000余头(只)。新疆天然草地常见有毒植物有81种分属24科54属,对草地畜牧业造成严重危害的主要有白喉乌头、准噶尔乌头、醉马芨芨草、小花棘豆、变异黄芪、无叶假木贼、马先蒿、橐吾和毒芹,约占毒草危害总面积的80%以上。因此,全面了解新疆天然草地毒草灾害状况、毒草种类与地理分布,对有效防控和化解毒草危害,提高草地生产力和牧草品质,促进牧区畜牧业的可持续发展和农牧民增收,繁荣边疆少数民族经济,维护生态环境平衡具有重要意义。本文在对已报道文献资料分析、归纳的基础上,结合课题组对新疆天然草地毒草实际调查情况,分别就近年来新疆天然草地毒草对区域草地生态及畜牧业生产造成的灾害状况Natural grassland is the material basis for the development of husbandry in the minority area, and it is also a veryimportant component to maintain the balance of natural ecological environment in Xinjiang. For a long time, because of drought, severe overgrazing, blind reclamation, population increase and other natural and man-made factors, as well as inadequate infrastructure construction and lagging management of the grass, high-quality forage is decreasing year by year and poisonous weeds are fast spreading, leading to grasslands reverse succession and contagious poisonous weeds, widespread desertification, destroying the balance of natural ecological environment, and a large number of livestock poisoning even death due to grazed poisonous weeds mistakenly. Especially in recent decades, the rapid spreading of poisonous weeds have caused the reduction of grassland vegetation and biodiversity, the simplification of vegetation, decline of grass yield, and the degeneration of natural grassland with edible pasture grass, instead of more different levels of degraded grasslands even severe contagious poisonous weeds. In some regions, the grassland poisoned has led to the poisonous grass disaster take place frequently, even broke out, which have increased from the basic ecological problem to a social problem, seriously affected the local social stability and grassland ecological security. At present, more than 85% available natural grasslands are degenerating to a greater or lesser extent and 37.50% of them are severely degraded, with an poisonous weeds disaster area of nearly 700 million hm2, which has accounted for 20.42% of the total hazard area of natural grassland of the country, and the annual death number of animals with poisoning is more than 3000 in average. Xinjiang natural grassland contains common poisonous plants of 81 species, 24 families and 54 genera. Among them, the Aconitum carmichaeli, Aconitum soongaricum, Achnatherum inebrians, Oxytropis glabra, Astragalus variabilis, Anabasis aphylla, Pedicularis

关 键 词：毒草 灾害 种类 地理分布 防控 天然草地 新疆 

分 类 号：S812.6[农业科学—草业科学]