新形势下大石油公司反一体化现象探因  

Impact of the new anti-integration phenomenon on big oil companies

作　　者：林益楷[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国海洋石油总公司办公厅

出　　处：《国际石油经济》2015年第1期60-64,共5页International Petroleum Economics

摘　　要：在石油工业150多年的发展历程中,纵向一体化是很多IOC和NOC的共同选择。根据"双重加价"和"增加竞争对手成本"理论,石油公司纵向一体化经营能够取得最大效益的前提是石油工业处于垄断经营阶段。随着石油工业日益走向开放与竞争,中小型石油公司和服务公司凭借专业化的优势实现较好的发展;大石油公司重新审视上下游全产业链一体化的经营模式,并根据自身实际,正在对一体化策略做出调整。中国石油公司的一体化战略符合国情和行业发展趋势,在特定的时期和地域具有综合竞争优势,但"大而全"的经营模式也容易带来机构臃肿、管理低效、供需失衡等弊端。下一步,加快构建开放竞争的中国石油工业体系,推进石油公司实施"归核化"战略,及时对内部一体化组织架构做出调整,是中国式能源革命的一个重要内涵。In the oil industry's 150 years of development, vertical integration has been the common choice of many IOCs and NOCs. According to the 'Single Monopoly Profi t' and 'Raising Rivals' Cost' theories, vertically integrated oil company operations can maximize social benefit on the premise that the oil industry is itself at a monopoly stage of development. According to the Chicago School(of economics)'s 'SingleMonopoly Profit' theory, an integrated downstream firm eliminates 'double marginalization'(two-firms' monopoly rent) because, as a single buyer, it reduces to the competitive p r i c e t h e u p s t r e a m f i r m 's o t h e r w i s e m o n o p o l y p r i c e. According to the 'Raising Rivals' Cost' theory, withdrawal of the integrated upstream firm from the market increases the market power of its oligopolistic competitors, thereby raising the cost of the downstream firm's own competitors and thus driving them from business for being less efficient. With the oil industry increasingly open to competition, small and medium sized oil and oilfield-service companies with professional advantages are achieving better development; the big oil companies are re-examining the upstream-downstream industrial chain integrated business model and, in accordance with their own circumstances, are in the process of adjusting their integration strategies. Chinese oil companies' integration strategies are in line with national conditions and industry trends, with competitive advantages in specific periods and places, but an economies-of-scale business model can easily bring bloated, inefficient management, supply-demand imbalance, and other dysfunctions. Next, accelerating the structuring of an open competitive Chinese oil industry, promoting oil company implementation of a 'back to core business' strategy, and timely adjustment of an internally integrated organizational structure are important actions to take in a China-style energy revolution. Analysis of the gains and losses from oil industry monopoly and US antitrust practic

关 键 词：一体化 专业化 垄断经营 市场竞争 大而全 归核化 能源革命 

分 类 号：F416.22[经济管理—产业经济]