灌溉方式和播期对玉米水分动态与水分利用效率的影响  

Effect of Irrigation Modes and Sowing Date on Maize Water Dynamics and Water Use Efficiency

作　　者：李英[1,2] 赵福年[1] 丁文魁[1,2] 任丽雯[1,2] 王鹤龄[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所,兰州730020 [2]武威市气象局农业气象试验站,甘肃武威733000

出　　处：《中国农学通报》2015年第6期62-67,共6页Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin

基　　金：国家自然基金"半干旱区作物干旱致灾过程特征及其若干阈值研究"(41275118);科技部行业(气象)专项"农田土壤水分利用效率对气候变化的响应及适应技术"(GYHY201106029);甘肃省气象局气象科研项目"基于作物系数法的春小麦干旱指标体系建立"(2012-15);中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所科研项目"黄土高原农田蒸散空间变异特征及其环境影响共同资助"(KYS2012BSKY01)

摘　　要：为明确不同灌溉方式、不同播期下产量与水分利用效率和耗水量的关系,通过设置滴灌、喷灌、漫灌3种灌水处理和3期分期播种的对比试验,在浇底水前、播种、收获和每旬未每区用土钻法取1 m深土样,用烘干称重法测定土壤含水率,用对比分析的方法研究同一品种在滴灌、喷灌、漫溉条件下和不同播期玉米需水耗水规律。结果表明,滴灌的土壤水分分布及变化对玉米生长最有利,喷灌次之,漫灌最差。滴灌实产最高,耗水量最小,水分利用效率最高,产量次高耗水最少的第三期玉米用水效率最高。滴灌在保证玉米需水的前提下储水能力最强,是干旱缺水地区的高效灌水方式。晚播、晚熟玉米品种有更好、更大的生产潜力和可推广性,就水热匹配来看晚播、晚熟玉米品种也是提高水分利用效率的一种途径。滴灌平均实产较喷灌增加1.69%,较漫灌增加6.53%,耗水量较喷灌减少2.9%,较漫灌减少16.1%,水分利用效率较喷灌增大4.7%,较漫灌增大26.9%,第三期平均实产较第一期增加2.76%,较第二期减少2.81%,耗水量较第一期减少18.2%,较第二期减少18.3%,水分利用效率较第一期增大25.6%,较第二期增大19%。By setting 3 irrigation treatments,including drip irrigation,sprinkler irrigation and flood irrigation,and 3 sowing dates,the comparative analysis method was used to research water consumption of the samevariety and find out the relationship between yield and water use efficiency under the condition of differentirrigation methods and sowing dates.Taking 1 m soil samples before sowing,at sowing and at harvest,andusing the drilling method every ten days,the water content of soil was determined with drying and weighingmethod.The results showed that,the distribution and changes of soil moisture which were the best for thegrowth of maize was under the drip irrigation,followed by the sprinkler irrigation.Under drip irrigation,theyield and the water use efficiency were the highest,the water consumption reached the minimum,followed bythe third sowing date.The drip irrigation＇s storage capacity was the strongest under the premise ofguaranteeing the water demand and this irrigation method was also an efficient method in arid regions.Themaize variety of late-sowing and late-mature had better and greater production and extension potentials,andalso was a method to improve the water use efficiency from the point of water and heat matching.The average yield under drip irrigation was 1.69% higher than that under sprinkler irrigation and 6.53% higher than thatunder flood irrigation.The water consumption under drip irrigation was 2.9% less than that under sprinklerirrigation and 16.1% less than that under flood irrigation.The water use efficiency under drip irrigation was4.7% higher than that under sprinkler irrigation and 26.9% higher than that under flood irrigation.The averageyield of the third sowing date was 2.76% higher than that of the first sowing date and 2.81% less than that ofthe second sowing date.The water consumption of the third sowing date was 18.2% less than that of the firstsowing date and 18.3% less than that of the second sowing date.The water use efficiency of the third sowingdate was 25.6% higher than that

关 键 词：滴灌 喷灌 漫灌 土壤含水率 水分动态 玉米 

分 类 号：S513.071[农业科学—作物学]