海河低平原不同耕作方式下麦田土壤生态环境特征  

The Soil Ecological-environment Characteristics in Wheat Growing Season Under Different Tillage Treatments in Haihe Lowland Plain

作　　者：尹宝重[1] 甄文超[1,2] 郭丽果[3] 

机构地区：[1]河北农业大学植物保护学院农业气象教研室,河北保定071001 [2]河北省作物生长调控重点实验室,河北保定071001 [3]河北农业大学科学技术研究院,河北保定071001

出　　处：《水土保持学报》2015年第1期186-194,共9页Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：国家"十二五"科技支撑计划项目"粮食丰产科技工程"(2011BAD16B08;2012BAD04B06;2013BAD07B05)

摘　　要：在片面追求单产导致耕地可持续生产力退化背景下,为探索一种科学合理的土壤耕作模式,优化麦田土壤生态环境,促进耕地生产力可持续提升,于2011-2013年小麦生长季,大田条件下,通过在小麦季设旋耕、深松和深耕3种耕作方式处理,在海河低平原进行了2a研究。在不同土壤耕作方式下,采用环刀法测定麦田土壤容重差异,采用HL20型自动气象数据采集器测定10cm深处土壤温度,采用动态密闭气室法测定土壤呼吸速率,采用TDR法测定土壤含水量,采用平板稀释法测定土壤微生物数量,采用重铬酸钾容量法-磷酸浴法、靛酚比色法、磷酸苯二钠比色法、高锰酸钾滴定法等方法测定土壤酶活性、采用碱解扩散法、碳酸氢钠浸提-钼锑抗比色法、乙酸铵浸提-火焰光度法、重铬酸钾容量法-磷酸浴法等方法测定土壤养分状况,采用重铬酸钾容量法和氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4浸提法分别测定土壤有机碳和微生物量碳含量,成熟时期测定产量、水分利用效率和肥料偏生产力。结果表明:深松处理有利于20-40cm土层土壤容重降低,加深耕层。旋耕处理和深松处理分别有利于表层和深层土壤水分储蓄。深耕处理有利于提高土壤温度,分别比深松处理和旋耕处理提高5.8%和8.8%。深耕处理土壤呼吸作用最高,分别比旋耕处理和深松处理提高8.0%和4.8%。小麦返青至成熟期,深松处理可提高土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,且深松处理还可提高小麦灌浆后土壤碱性磷酸酶活性;深耕处理和深松处理可分别在灌浆前、后提高表层土壤多酚氧化酶活性。深松处理全生育期碱解氮含量最低;旋耕处理速效磷有"表层聚集"现象;深松处理有利于20cm以下土层速效磷和速效钾积累;深耕处理可提高表层土壤有机质含量,旋耕处理和深松处理分别在返青前、后提高20-40cm土层有机质含量。深松处理有利于真菌和细菌增殖,旋耕则�Facing with the decline of farmland sustainable productivity that is caused by focusing increase of yield,it is important to establish a scientific and reasonable soil tillage model on which to improve the soil ecological-environment in wheat production field,and further promote farmland sustainable productivity.In this study,an experiment was carried out in 2011-2013 under field conditions in Haihe lowland plain.Three tillage treatments including rotary tillage（RT）,sub-soiling tillage（SRT）,and moldboard plow tillage（MRT）were set up in the experiment.Under different tillage treatment,soil bulk density tested by cutting ring method;soil temperature in 10 depth tested by automatic meteorological data acquisition（HL20type）,soil respiration rate tested by the dynamic closed chamber method;soil water content tested by TDR method;soil microbial quantity tested by dilution plate method;soil enzyme activity tested by potassium dichromate volumetric method-phosphoric acid bath,indophenol colorimetric method,phenyl phosphate sodium two colorimetric methods,potassium permanganate titration method;soil nutrition situation tested by alkalisolution diffusion method,baking soda leaching-molybdenum antimony colorimetric method,ammonium acetate extraction-flame photometric method,potassium dichromate volumetric method phosphoric acid bath method;soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon content was determined by potassium dichromate method and chloroform fumigation-K2SO4 extraction method,yield,water use efficiency and partial factor productivity of fertilizers were tested in mature period.The results showed that MRT was beneficial to decrease soil bulk density in the 20-40 cm soil layer together with an effect to deepen the topsoil.RT treatment increased the water saving capacity in 0-20 cm soil layer,whereas SRT treatment improved the water saving capacity in 20-120 cm soil layer.In addition,MRT increased the soil temperature and respiration rate,with a increase range of 5.8%and 8.8%and 8.0%and 4.8%compar

关 键 词：海河低平原 耕作方式 麦田 土壤生态环境特征 

分 类 号：S512[农业科学—作物学] S154.1