长期秸秆还田与施肥对成都平原稻-麦轮作下作物产量和土壤肥力的影响  

Effects of Long-term Fertilization and Straw Mulch on Crop Yields and Soil Fertility under Rice-wheat Rotation in Chengdu Plain

作　　者：刘禹池[1,2] 冯文强[1] 秦鱼生[1] 曾祥忠[1] 周相玉[1,2] 王昌全[2] 涂仕华[1,3] 

机构地区：[1]四川省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所,四川成都610066 [2]四川农业大学资源环境学院,四川成都611130 [3]国际植物营养研究所成都代表处,四川成都610066

出　　处：《西南农业学报》2015年第1期240-247,共8页Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：国际植物营养研究所研究基金;公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201003016)

摘　　要：为了研究长期秸秆覆盖还田配合不同施肥处理对成都平原稻-麦轮作下作物产量及土壤肥力的影响及提出该种植模式下的作物最佳施肥方案和明确土壤培肥效果,2005-2011年,在成都平原灰色冲积水稻土壤上,采用秸秆覆盖还田配施不同用量氮磷钾肥连续免耕轮作种植水稻和小麦,研究不同处理对作物产量的影响;于2010年水稻收获后采取耕层（0~5,5~15和15~30cm）土样,分析不同处理对壤理化性状的影响。在相同化肥用量条件下,秸秆覆盖还田能显著增加水稻和小麦产量。在秸秆还田基础上增施氮肥和钾肥都能显著提高水稻和小麦产量,而磷肥只能增加小麦产量,对水稻产量没有影响。秸秆覆盖还田比单施化肥每季每公顷至少能节约60 kg N/hm2、60 kg P2O5/hm2和90 kg K2O/hm2。秸秆还田配施化肥处理分别比对照处理降低了0~5和5~15 cm的土层容重,提高了土壤总孔隙度、土壤团聚体数量、耕层土壤养分速效量以及有机质含量,特别是0~5 cm土层,说明连续秸秆覆盖加免耕促进土壤有机质和养分在表土层富集。The objective of this experiment was to study effects of long-term fertilization and straw mulching on crop yields and soil fertility under rice-wheat rotation on Chengdu Plain and ultimately determine the best nutrient management for this farming practice. The experiment was conducted on a gray alluvial paddy soil on Chengdu Plain from 2005 to 2011 by using continued crop straw mulching with different combinations of NPK fertilizers under rice-wheat rotations with no-till. Crop yields were recorded each year and soil samples at 0-5,5-15 and15-30 cm of each plot were collected after rice harvest in 2010 and analyzed for some selected chemical and physical properties in both field and lab. Under the same fertilizer treatment,grain yields of both rice and wheat under straw mulching significantly increased compared to the no straw mulching treatment. Increased N and K rates could significantly increase rice and wheat yields,while increased P rates could significantly increase wheat yield only. Using straw mulching could save at least 60 kg N hm2,60 kg P2O5hm2 and 90 kg K2 O hm2of chemical fertilizers in one single season compared with the control treatment. Straw mulching also reduced soil bulk density,enhanced soil porosity,number of aggregates,contents of soil available nutrients and organic matter in the 0-5 cm and 5-15 cm layers,particularly in the 0-5cm layer. The results further indicate that the continuous straw mulching plus no-till promote enrichment of soil organic matter and nutrients in the very shallow surface soil layer. Long-term straw mulching can not only effectively increase crop yield and reduce fertilizer rates,but also improve soil fertility,particularly at 0-5 cm top soil.

关 键 词：秸秆覆盖 长期试验 稻麦轮作 产量 土壤肥力 

分 类 号：S141[农业科学—肥料学]