生活垃圾收运过程中恶臭暴露的健康风险评估  

Health risk assessment of exposure to odorous pollutants emitted from the transportation process of MSW

作　　者：方晶晶[1,2] 章骅[1,3] 吕凡[1,3] 邵立明[1,3] 何品晶[1,3] 

机构地区：[1]同济大学固体废物处理与资源化研究所,上海200092 [2]海军医学研究所,上海200433 [3]住房和城乡建设部村镇建设司农村生活垃圾处理技术研究与培训中心,上海200092

出　　处：《中国环境科学》2015年第3期906-916,共11页China Environmental Science

基　　金：国家"973"项目(2012CB719801);"十二五"村镇建设领域科技计划课题(2014BAL02B04-3);上海市"科技创新行动计划"技术标准项目(14DZ0501500);同济大学污染控制与资源化研究国家重点实验室开放课题(NO.PCRRF14005)

摘　　要：通过现场采样检测,研究了生活垃圾收运链中氨、硫化物、萜烯化合物、芳香烃、醇类化合物、挥发性有机酸、醛酮类化合物等7类恶臭物质的组成特征;分析了收运链不同环节中恶臭污染物的分布特征及操作方式对其影响;依据恶臭污染物的分布特征,评估了生活垃圾转运场所职业暴露人员的致癌和非致癌风险,并对结果进行了不确定分析.结果表明,收运过程中,末端垃圾码头的恶臭污染物比前端的垃圾箱房高1个数量级以上,与生活垃圾在收运过程中降解程度逐渐提高相对应;不同类别恶臭污染物中,醇类化合物随收运链的延伸而稳定上升,挥发性有机酸(VFAs)和芳香烃化合物则呈阶跃增加,分别在集装箱码头和散装码头处达到峰值(分别为131,711μg/m3).收运链前端,垃圾箱房的主要致臭化合物为醛酮类化合物;收运链末端,垃圾码头的主要致臭化合物为硫化物和挥发性有机酸.生活垃圾散装运输操作方式,对作业人员和周边人群可能造成较大健康影响.散装码头处恶臭污染导致的致癌和非致癌风险值最高,致癌风险值LCR总为2.64×10-5,超过生活垃圾收运链中的其它作业点,存在较大的健康风险;非致癌风险值HI总为3.01,集装箱码头处的HI总为1.22,超过了USEPA推荐的可接受范围,其余作业点的非致癌风险值HI总<1,在可接受的范围内.Seven categories of odorous pollutants released from the collection and transportation process of municipal solid waste（MSW）, including ammonia, sulfur compounds, terpenes, aromatics, alcohols, volatile fatty acids（VFAs） and carbonyls, were quantified through different analytical methods. Based on the field data, the compounds mainly causing malodour were assessed and identified. The cancer and non-cancer risk of odor exposure in the circumstance were corrsesponingly estimated by the health risk model. The uncertainties of risk value were estimated by Monte Carlo simulation.The concentration of odorous pollutants in the transfer station was one order of magnitude higher than that in the dust bin, which was closedly associated with the degradation of MSW. The concentration of alcohols increased stably with the extension of transportation chain, whereas the concentrations of VFAs and aromatics increased with fluctuation, and peaked in the bulk transfer station and in the container transfer station（131μg/m3, 711μg/m3respectively）. The major odorous compounds at the early stage of transportation were carbonyls, whereas at the end stage were sulfur compounds and VFAs.The adults＇ total cancer risk from odor pollution in the bulk transfer station was 2.64×10-5, whereas the total non-cancer risk was 3.01 in the bulk transfer sstation and 1.22 in the container transfer station, which was closed to or exceeded the maximum acceptable risk levels recommended by US EPA. The risk values in the other transportation points were within the acceptable range.

关 键 词：生活垃圾 运输 恶臭 污染特征 健康风险 

分 类 号：X705[环境科学与工程—环境工程]