某聚氯乙烯分厂的氯乙烯职业健康风险评价  

Occupational health risk assessment on vinyl chloride: a case study via a PVC factory

作　　者：宋从波[1] 李静[1] 黄德寅[2] 刘茂[1] 

机构地区：[1]南开大学城市公共安全研究中心,天津300071 [2]天津渤海化工集团有限责任公司劳动卫生研究所,天津300051

出　　处：《安全与环境学报》2015年第1期64-68,共5页Journal of Safety and Environment

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAJ24B04);天津市科技支撑计划项目(13ZCZDSY02300)

摘　　要：以某化工企业的聚氯乙烯分厂为研究对象,引入美国环境保护署(EPA)推荐的健康风险评价四步法,即危害鉴定、剂量-反应评价、暴露评价和风险表征,对不同作业任务(清釜、看釜、巡检和配料)工人的氯乙烯职业暴露进行健康风险评价。结果表明,从非致癌效应来看,看釜、巡检和配料岗位工人暴露于VC引起肝细胞多态性的HI值均高于安全阈值1,其中看釜工的危害指数最大,引起的不利健康效应最严重。从致癌效应来看,清釜工暴露于VC引起肝血管肉瘤的风险处于可接受水平;而看釜工患肝血管肉瘤的风险值R,达到可接受上限10-4对应的工作年限ED=1.91 a,因此,需要尽可能地采用安全防护措施减少该岗位的职业暴露。巡检和配料岗位的肝血管肉瘤风险达到可接受水平上限10-4时,对应的工作年限分别为4.36 a和9.33 a。由于健康风险评价更侧重长期暴露危害物质对人体健康的影响,即使工作场所满足国标规定的浓度阈值,仍然存在工人长期暴露于低浓度致癌物的风险。The paper intends to present an occupational health risk assessment on the vinyl chloride in a form of case study via a large PVC factory in hoping to study the health impact of exposure to vinyl chloride on the shop-workers＇ health risk when they are engaged in different duties（clearing kettle,watching kettle,routing inspection and batching）. In our paper,we have been recommended to adopt the four-step method（hazard identification,dose-response assessment,exposure assessment and risk characterization） initiated by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. For the research purpose,we have chosen a large PVC factory under a petrochemical enterprise in Tianjin,trying to investigate and assess both the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects of vinyl chloride on the human body. The results of our assessment can be stated as follows： the health-hazard indexes for the workers of watching kettle,routine inspection and batch-products processing all account for over the Threshold One（Threshold One stands for the threshold limit） besides the jobs for the workers in charge of clearing kettles,which accounts for 9. 25,that is,the most hazardous extent of the exposure,implying that it tends to induce the most serious health effects as compared to other jobs. From the perspective of long-term carcinogenic effects,the risk of workers of clearing kettle exposed to VC is acceptable since the limit of the HI for the kettle-clearing workers is 0. 018 9,which is thought to be below the threshold one. What is the most serious matter is that,in view of the long years＇ duties,the workers in charge of watching kettle have no alternatives but to face the upper limit of the acceptable level（10-4）,that is,1. 91,which is a relative short time when compared with the lifetime working duties. Thus,security measures should be fully taken into consideration to reduce the occupational exposure of watching kettle,for example,to change the workers＇ occupational duty of watching kettle to other jobs in a reasonable period

关 键 词：职业卫生工程 氯乙烯 健康风险评价 危害指数 致癌风险 

分 类 号：X961[环境科学与工程—安全科学]