两个油橄榄品种的开花特性及橄榄园花粉流时空变化分析  

Flowering characteristics of two varieties of olive and the analysis of temporal-spatial variation of pollen flow in olive orchard

作　　者：史艳虎 姜成英 朱振家[1] 吴文俊 陈年来[1] 

机构地区：[1]甘肃农业大学资源与环境学院,甘肃兰州730070 [2]甘肃省林业科学研究院,甘肃兰州730030

出　　处：《甘肃农业大学学报》2015年第1期69-76,共8页Journal of Gansu Agricultural University

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31160170)

摘　　要：为了探明甘肃省武都区油橄榄坐果率低、产量低的原因,以当地主栽品种‘莱星’和‘鄂植8号’为试验材料,观察油橄榄花期物候、单花特征及开放进程,检测花粉/胚珠比、花粉活力与柱头可授性,并进行油橄榄园花粉散布时空变化规律及与气象因子关系的研究.结果表明:油橄榄园5月进入花期,花期持续约12d,散粉盛期约3d;油橄榄单花微小,花瓣4枚,雄蕊2枚,雌蕊1枚,单花开放约3d;油橄榄花粉流密度分布在水平方向无显著差异,垂直方向随高度增加显著减少.温度是影响油橄榄园花期的主要气象因子,与开花植株率呈极显著正相关(r=0.860**、r=0.827**);日照强度是影响油橄榄散粉的主要气象因子,与花粉流密度呈显著正相关(r=0.791*).油橄榄单花花粉量约90 000粒,胚珠4枚,P/O值约22 500;散粉初期‘莱星’和‘鄂植8号’花粉活力分别为(97.23±2.05)%和(95.21±1.05)%,散粉后24h下降至(60.41±1.54)%和(60.11±1.63)%;花后24h内,两品种柱头具有强可授性,花后约48h柱头可授性显著下降.甘肃省武都区油橄榄坐果率受花粉限制,不受传粉限制,花后24h内是最佳授粉期.In order to investigate the causes of low fruit setting rate and yield of olive（Oleaeuropaea L） in Wudu District of Gansu Province.The cultivars of‘Leccino’and‘Ezhi-8’were employed.The flowering phenology,temporal-spatial variation of pollen flow density in olive orchard were measured,the single flower opening process and pollen-ovule ratio （P/O）were observed,pollen viability and stigma receptivity were detected.The result showed that the blossom of olive orchards happened on May and lasted for 1 2 days,about 3 days for the peak flowering duration.The single flower of olive had four petals,two stamens and one pistil and kept opening for about 3 days.No significant difference in pollen flow density was found among horizontal directions,but the pollen flow density decreased significantly upward.Temperature and sunlight intensity were the maj or factors affecting olive flowering,the daily temperature positively correlated with percentage of the flowering tree in the orchard significantly （r=0.860^＊＊,r=0.827^＊＊）and sunlight intensity significantly correlated with pollen flow density （r=0.791^＊）.One single olive flower contained about 90000 pollen grains and 4 ovules and the P/O ratio was about 22500.The pollen viability of ‘Leccino’and‘Ezhi-8’at flowering opening were （97.23±2.05）% and （95.21±1.05）% respectively,but decreased to （60.41±1.54）% and （60.11±1.63）% in 24 hours.A higher the stigma receptivity of both cultivars kept within 24 hours after flowering,the receptivity decreased significantly in 48 hours after flowering.It is suggested that fruit setting rate was limited by pollens,was not limited by pollination,and the optimum pollination time was within 24 hours after flowering.

关 键 词：油橄榄 开花特性 花粉流 气象因子 

分 类 号：S565.7[农业科学—作物学]