清代北方农牧交错带农耕北界的变迁  

Changes of the northern limit of cultivation in northern agro-pastoral ecotone in Qing Dynasty

作　　者：王金朔[1] 金晓斌[1] 曹雪[1] 周寅康[1] 

机构地区：[1]南京大学地理与海洋科学学院,南京210023

出　　处：《干旱区资源与环境》2015年第3期20-25,共6页Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(41340016);国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)(2011CB952001)资助

摘　　要：农牧交错带是农牧交汇的过渡地带,其变化对区域农牧业生产和生态环境具有重要影响。清代是蒙地出现大规模农业活动的转折点,也是现代北方农牧交错带格局形成的起点。文中通过对相关历史文献进行求证,综合分析清朝蒙地垦殖的进程,并以厅县行政建制的设置为主要依据,推求北方农牧交错带界限的变化。结果表明:1)近300年来,北方农牧交错带表现出向西、向北的变动态势,整体上从明长城向北推进至草原腹地;2)北方农牧交错带农耕北界有两次明显的北进过程,首次发生于乾隆年间,从长城沿线扩展到归化城土默特-多伦诺尔厅-赤峰县-朝阳县-昌图厅-长春厅,向北移动了近百公里;第二次发生在清末"移民实边"期间,东段约向北移动了300km,西段向北移动了约50km;3)清代北方农牧交错带的扩展时间和幅度存在区域差异,体现出区位条件和自然因素对农业开垦的影响和限制;4)蒙地禁垦政策的实施受到自然灾害、战争和人口增长等引起的人地矛盾的影响,在人民难以维持生计的情况下,清政府不得不弛禁。Northern agro- pastoral ecotone is the transitional zone of agriculture and stock raising,whose change has vital influence on regional agriculture,stock raising and ecological environment. Modern northern agro- pastoral ecotone pattern took shape in the Qing dynasty,when Mongolian land appeared large- scale agricultural activities. Based on detailed textual research of Mongolia＇s cultivation process,we took Qing government＇s settings of hall county administrative system as main reference,finally ascertained the changes of northern agro- pastoral ecotone boundary. The results indicate that： 1） During the last 300 years,northern agro- pastoral ecotone had moved westward and northward from the Great Wall to prairie hinterland; 2） There were two big leaps for the northern agro- pastoral ecotone to go northward remarkably. The first one occurred during the reign of Qian Long. The northern boundary of cropland area extended from the south of the Great Wall to the line of Guihua and Tumote- Duolun hall- Chifeng county- Chaoyang county- Changtu hall- Changchun hall,and moved northward about 100km; The second one happened at the end of the Qing Dynasty when large scale of population immigrated to Mongolia encouraged by the policy. The eastern part moved northward about 300 km,and the western part about 50km; 3） In the Qing dynasty,there were regional differences in both expanding time and range scale in northern agro- pastoral ecotone,indicating that location factors and natural conditions had influenced on the reclamation;（ 4） Under the contradiction between people and land,which was caused by natural disasters,war,and population growth,reclamation policy in Mongolian land changed,and it tended to acquiesce in refugees＇ immigration.

关 键 词：农牧交错带 变迁 北方 清代 

分 类 号：P942[天文地球—自然地理学]