泾河东川近期水沙变化对高强度人类活动的响应  

Recent Variation of Runoff and Sediment in Response to the High Intensity Human Activities in Dongchuan Basin of Jinghe River

作　　者：冉大川[1,2] 焦鹏[1,2] 姚文艺[1,2] 李晓宇[3] 尚红霞[1] 

机构地区：[1]黄河水利委员会黄河水利科学研究院,郑州450003 [2]水利部黄土高原水土流失过程与控制重点实验室,郑州450003 [3]黄河水利委员会水文局,郑州450004

出　　处：《水土保持学报》2015年第2期23-29,共7页Journal of Soil and Water Conservation

基　　金：黄河水利委员会2013-2014年黄河河情年度咨询及跟踪研究项目

摘　　要：根据实地典型调查资料和实测水文资料,分析了泾河东川流域近期水沙变化对高强度人类活动的响应成因。采用"指标法"计算了流域梯田、林地、草地、坝地和封禁治理等水土保持措施减水减沙量和减蚀量,提出了"水保措施拦沙减蚀量"的概念;首次对流域石油开采中井场及井场道路、陡坡耕种、公路建设和砖厂弃土等人为新增水土流失量进行了定量计算。结果表明,(1)以面平均降雨量100mm为界,流域年最大场次降雨产洪产沙关系可以分为降雨产洪产沙低值区和降雨产洪产沙高值区2个区。高值区降雨产洪产沙关系非常密切,其单位毫米降雨产洪产沙量分别是低值区的29倍和38倍。(2)截至2013年流域水土保持措施减水1 210万m3,减沙743万t,拦沙减蚀1 606万t,减水减沙作用分别为10.1%和21.8%。2009-2013年人为年均新增水土流失量224万t/a,占同期水土保持措施拦沙减蚀量的14%。人为新增水土流失量中石油开采年均弃土流失量居首位,其次为陡坡耕种年均增沙量。(3)2008年以来流域输沙量增加和连续出现高含沙洪水的原因主要是大暴雨频发导致洪水泥沙明显增加;石油开采、陡坡耕种等人为新增水土流失有增加趋势;近期水土保持综合治理力度不够,坝地配置比例低,同时对东川流域近期林草措施减水减沙能力、高含沙洪水成因和水土流失治理效果等问题进行了讨论。研究成果对深化近期黄河水沙变化研究、继续开展黄土高原水土流失有效治理具有重要参考价值。According to the field survey data and measured typical hydrological data of the Dongchuan basin of the Jinghe River,the causes of runoff and sediment variation in response to the recent high intense human activities were analyzed.The＂index method＂was used to calculate the reduction of runoff,sediment and soil erosion of soil and water conservation measures,such as terraces,woodland,grassland,dam field and closing hillside for erosion control,and the concept of＂water conservation measures reduce erosion and sediment trapping volume＂was proposed.New soil erosion amount caused by human activity containing basin oil well site and roads of oil exploitation,steep slope farming,road construction and brickyard were quantitatively calculated for the first time.The results showed that（1）the relationship between rainfall flood and sediment bounded on the average areal rainfall of 100 mm in the basin was divided into low and high value two areas of runoff generation and sediment yield.In high value area,the relationship between rainfall flood and sediment was very close,and the amount of runoff generation and sediment yield by the unit millimeters rainfall were 29 times and 38 times the value of the low area.（2）By the end of 2013,the amount of runoff,sediment and erosion respectively decreased by 12.1 million m3,7.43 million t and 16.06 million t,caused by water and soil conservation measures in the basin,the effects of runoff and sediment reduction were 10.1% and 21.8% respectively.During the period of 2009 to 2013,annual increased amount of anthropogenic soil erosion was new 2.24 million t/a,accounting for 14% of reduction of erosion by soil and water conservation measures over thesame period.The increased amount of anthropogenic soil and water loss of oil exploration annual spoil loss was in the lead,followed by cultivation on steep slopes.（3）The main reason for an increase of the sediment discharge and hyper-concentration sediment flood was that the frequency of heavy rain increased significantly in

关 键 词：水沙变化 致洪暴雨 减水减沙 人为新增水土流失 东川 

分 类 号：S157.1[农业科学—土壤学]