利用生命周期评价方法评估高产粮田的面源污染潜在风险  

Assessment of Potential Non-Point Source Pollution Risks of High-Yield Farmland With Life Cycle Assessment Method

作　　者：王一超[1] 赵桂慎[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京100193

出　　处：《生态与农村环境学报》2015年第2期256-261,共6页Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划(2012BAD15B01-3);北京市生态学重点学科资助项目(XK10019440)

摘　　要：将生命周期评价(LCA)方法引入农业系统,以山东桓台县为例,从农业系统外部投入的源头入手,对高投入高产出粮区粮食生产的潜在面源污染风险进行全面预测和评估。结果表明,在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中,富营养化面源污染潜力(EP)最大,其次是水体毒性潜力(AEP),环境酸化潜力(AP)最弱。夏玉米的各类指标均高于冬小麦,且夏玉米的EP、AEP和冬小麦的EP值都超过了2000年世界人均环境影响潜值。冬小麦和夏玉米的IP指数(IP)分别是1.08和1.45,夏玉米的IP比冬小麦高34%。在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中,夏玉米对面源污染的贡献高于冬小麦。氮肥的施用对AP和EP的贡献率分别达到99.75%和88.06%,农药的施用量决定了AEP的大小。根据农业面源污染综合防控技术示范区养分管理优化方案推荐的施肥量,测算可知优化后冬小麦和夏玉米的IP分别降低2.91%和18.35%,但夏玉米的IP仍然高于冬小麦。因此,控制氮肥和农药的施用量等源头减量措施是农业面源污染防控的关键。The life cycle assessment（ LCA） method has been an effective tool to evaluate negative externalities of agro-ecosystems. Here,it is used to comprehensively predict and evaluate potential non-point source pollution risks of grain production in high-input high-output grain production areas,starting with the sources of external input of the agricultural system. Huantai County of Shandong in North China Plain was selected as a case for study. Results show that under the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system,which is a typical farming system in North China Plain,for non-point source pollution,eutrophication potential（ EP） ranks first and is followed by aquatic ecotoxicity potential（ AEP）,and acidification potential（ AP）. Cultivation of summer maize was much higher in all the three indices,and what is more,EP and AEP of the cultivation of summer maize and EP of the cultivation of winter wheat all exceeded the world＇s per capita environmental impact potentials of the year of 2000. The complex non-point source pollution potential risk index（ IP） of the cultivation of winter wheat and summer maize was 1.08 and 1.45,respectively,and obviously the latter is 34% higher than the former.Under the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system,the crop of summer maize contributes more than the crop of winter wheat to non-point source pollution. Application of nitrogen fertilizer contributes 99.75% and 88.06%,respectively,to AP and EP,and application rate of pesticides determines size of AEP. Based on the fertilizer application rate recommended in the nutrient management optimization programme for agricultural non-point source pollution comprehensive management techniques demonstration zones,it can be predicted that the IPof the crop of winter wheat and of summer maize may decrease by 2.91% and 18.35%,respectively,nevertheless,the latter is still higher than the former in IP. Therefore,it can be assumed that the practice of reducing input of nitrogen fertilizer and pesticide is the key to control of agricult

关 键 词：高产粮区 面源污染 生命周期评价 污染风险 

分 类 号：X828[环境科学与工程—环境工程]