Self-deception can evolve under appropriate costs  

作　　者：Juan Camilo RAMiREZ James A. R. MARSHALL 

机构地区：[1]Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S 1 4DP, United Kingdom

出　　处：《Current Zoology》2015年第2期382-396,共15页动物学报（英文版）

摘　　要：Apparent biases in decision making by animals, including humans, seem to present an evolutionary puzzle, since one would expect decisions based on biased （unrealistic） information to be suboptimal. Although cognitive biases are hard to diag- nose in real animals （Marshall et al., 2013b）, we investigate Trivers＇ proposal that individuals should self-deceive first in order to better deceive others （Trivers, 2011）. Although this proposal has been scrutinized extensively （Bandura et al., 2011） it has not been formally modelled. We present the first model designed to investigate Trivers＇ proposal. We introduce an extension to a re- cent model of the evolution of self-deception （Johnson and Fowler, 2011）. In the extended model individuals make decisions by taking directly into account the benefits and costs of each outcome and by choosing the course of action that can be estimated as the best with the information available. It is shown that in certain circumstances self-deceiving decision-makers are the most evolutionarily successful, even when there is no deception between these. In a further extension of this model individuals addi- tionally exhibit deception biases and Trivers＇ premise （that effective deception is less physiologically costly with the aid of self-deception） is incorporated. It is shown that under Trivers＇ hypothesis natural selection favors individuals that self-deceive as they deceive others .

关 键 词：SELF-DECEPTION DECEPTION OVERCONFIDENCE Cognitive biases Optimal decision-making Optimal behavior 

分 类 号：Q111[生物学—普通生物学] TP311.13[自动化与计算机技术—计算机软件与理论]