汉初服色“外黑内赤”考  

A Research on the Ritual Color of the Early Han Dynasty

作　　者：陈鹏[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系,博士研究生。北京100871

出　　处：《史学月刊》2015年第4期17-23,共7页Journal of Historical Science

摘　　要：汉初服色经历了从"尚赤"到"外黑内赤"的变化。这是汉朝建立过程中先后袭用楚俗和继承秦制的结果。刘邦起事于沛,属于楚地,为获得楚人的支持,其利用了楚人尚赤的习俗。至汉二年,汉政权以秦朝的继承者自居,将水德作为汉朝的德运,意在稳定秦地、吸纳秦人。根据五德终始说,水德的服色理应尚黑,但是汉朝并未放弃尚赤的楚俗,最终导致"外黑内赤"的服色格局出现。由于"赤"和"黑"分别是楚人和秦人崇尚的颜色,"外黑内赤"这一服色格局也隐约反映了汉初政权中秦、楚两大集团间的博弈与调和。至汉文帝时期,旧的服色体系先后遭到贾谊、公孙臣等人的挑战,持"外黑内赤"说的丞相张苍遭到了罢免,"改正朔、易服色"的政治举措得到了实施。虽然文帝的改制最终由于新垣平案的发生而不了了之,但终止了对秦朝水德尚黑的因袭。这为后来汉武帝改制确定汉朝土德、服色尚黄奠定了基础。As the ritual color,red had been changed into ＂black outside and red inside＂at the beginning of the Han dynasty.This situation was caused by the historical process that the Han government adopted Chu＇s custom initially and then inherited Qin＇s system.Liu Bang,Emperor Gao of the Han,rose up in Pei where belongs to the Chu state.In order to obtain the support of the Chu people,the group of Liu Bang used the custom that the Chu people worshipped the red color.By 205 B.C.,considering himself to be the successor of the Qin empire,the Han empire made water as its virtue to stabilize the region of the Qin and attract the Qin people.In this case,on the basis of the theory of Cycle of Five Virtues,the ritual color of the Han empire should be black.However,Han empire didn＇t give up worshipping red.Therefore,the ritual color of the Han empire changed into ＂black outside and red inside＂.As red and black were respectively worshipped by the people of the Chu and the Qin,the ritual color＂black outside and red inside＂also might reflect the antagonism and harmonization between the Chu people and the Qin people in the Han government.In the period of Emperor Wen,the ritual color＂black outside and red inside＂was challenged by Jia Yi,Gongsun Chen and others,the Prime Minister Zhang Cang who supported the ritual color was recalled,and a reform movement which asked for revising the calendar and changing the ritual color was implemented.The reform movement failed because of the case of Xinyuan Ping,but its result was that Han empire made water as its Virtue and worshipped back.This result laid the foundation for Emperor Wu＇s reform which made Earth as the Han Virtue and ensured yellow as the Han empire＇s ritual color.

关 键 词：汉初 服色 五德终始 

分 类 号：TS941.12[轻工技术与工程—服装设计与工程] K234[历史地理—历史学]