漏刻为什么要改箭?  

Why Were the Scale-rulers of Clepsydra Regularly Replaced?

作　　者：汪小虎[1] 

机构地区：[1]华南师范大学公共管理学院,广东广州510006

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2015年第2期82-87,共6页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

基　　金：国家社科基金重大招标项目:中外科学文化交流历史文献整理与研究(项目编号:10&ZD063);教育部人文社科研究青年基金项目:中华帝国后期的时间管理--明清时代之颁历制度研究(项目编号:13YJC770044);上海市哲学社会科学规划课题:琉球历书的演变与东亚国际秩序变迁关系研究(项目编号:2014BLS006)

摘　　要：漏刻是中国古代时间计量之最重要工具,其使用过程中,需要在特定日期更换漏箭。前人对漏刻改箭原因的解释,未达成共识。文章根据《准斋心制几漏图式》所载图、文,又联系到漏刻运作过程中分昼漏、夜漏两段交替进行的惯例,基于漏刻连续计时的运作系统,阐述了改箭原因:漏刻常用日出、日落作为时间计量起算点来调节水位,而这些时间点周年变动,故需更换漏箭以适应。水漏与钟表计时之运作有所差异,中国古代时间计量有多种方式模拟水漏,皆可纳入"漏刻系统"进行审视。Clepsydra was the most important instrument for measuring time in ancient China. Chinese clepsydra was composed of two parts： pots and scale-rulers. Mostly, there was a pot placed below to receive the dripping water. The vertical scale-ruler was floating in the water inside that pot. When ancient Chinese people used Clepsydra, they often replaced scale-rulers on particular dates. As for the reason of the replacement, contemporary scholars have 3 opinions. This paper focuses on an ancient Chinese book entitled ＂ZhunZhai XinZhi JiLou TuShi＂ which describes how to operate clepsydra to measure time in detail. Along with some other instances of ancient people operating Chinese clepsydra, the paper explains why the scale-rulers were regularly replaced. As clepsydra should be operated alternately day and night, ancient Chinese people chose sunrise and sunset as the starting point in time to adjust the water level. As these points of time changed annually, they had to replace the scale-rulers regularly to adapt to them.

关 键 词：时间计量 漏刻 漏箭 改箭 《准斋心制几漏图式》 

分 类 号：N0[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]