不同蜂为设施辣椒授粉的授粉效果比较  

Comparison of the pollination effects for pepper between different bees in greenhouse

作　　者：罗术东[1] 王彪 褚忠桥 柳萌[3] 吴杰[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院蜜蜂研究所农业部授粉昆虫生物学重点实验室,北京100093 [2]固原市养蜂试验站,宁夏固原756000 [3]中国农业科学院,北京100081

出　　处：《环境昆虫学报》2015年第2期381-386,共6页Journal of Environmental Entomology

基　　金：国家蜂产业技术体系(CARS-45);宁夏回族自治区"十二五"科技支撑项目

摘　　要：蜜蜂授粉对开花植物的结实具有重要作用,但目前的研究主要集中在蜜蜂授粉对异花授粉作物的授粉效果上,而对自花授粉植物的授粉效果鲜有报道。本研究以设施农业中主要的自花授粉作物—辣椒为研究对象,研究了意大利蜜蜂(意蜂)和小峰熊蜂(熊蜂)为设施辣椒授粉时的出巢访花活动规律及其授粉效果,并初步估算了其可能带来的经济效益。对两种蜂为辣椒授粉过程中的出巢访花活动规律研究表明:意蜂的出巢和工作起点温度均显著高于熊蜂,表明熊蜂每天可比意蜂多工作1.0-1.5 h。对不同蜂的授粉效果的研究表明:两种蜂授粉后的结实率差异不显著,但均显著高于自花授粉的结实率;三种授粉方式的坐果时间长短依次为自花授粉>意蜂授粉>熊蜂授粉;花后30 d三种授粉方式的单果重和果实长度差异显著,单果重依次为43.04、57.23和67.58 g,对应果实长度依次为17.41、19.14和20.28㎝。两种蜂授粉后的果实籽粒数(121.35和127.25粒)显著高于人工授粉后的105.40粒。研究表明意蜂和熊蜂可使单位面积自花授粉的设施辣椒增产6.62%和9.79%,具有较好的增产效果,相应的,辣椒对两种蜂的依赖度D值分别为0.06和0.09,采用国际通用的生物经济的方法初步推算出这两种授粉方式在本世纪前十年每年均可使我国辣椒的经济效益得到可观的增加。Pollination by honeybee and other pollinators is benefit to the harvest of flowering crops especially to cross- pollinated crops,but there were few reports about the insect pollination for self-pollination crops. Here,the pollination effects of self- pollination（ SP）,pollination by honeybee（ HP）and bumblebee（ BP） for pepper in greenhouse were compared,at the same time,the pollination behaviors of honeybee and bumblebees in greenhouse were also investigated in this paper. The results suggested that the temperature of the honeybee workers for leaving the hives and the temperature for initial foraging were both significantly higher than those for bumblebees,and the visiting time for bees was also corresponding to the temperature in greenhouse. HP and BP could increase the fruit rate from 54. 40% to80. 95% and 82. 51% respectively. On the other hand,HP could shorten the fruit setting time and increase the fruit setting rate,but there was no significant difference. Compared with SP,BP could shortthe fruit setting time from 8. 80 days to 6. 32 days and increased the fruit setting ratio from 83. 19% to97. 41% significantly. On the other hand,HP and BP increase the fruit weight from 43. 04 g（ SP） to57. 23 g and 67. 58 g,respectively,although they growed in the same period,it means that HP and BP could accelerate the growth speed of the hot pepper fruit significantly. The study also suggested that HP and BP could increase the yield of hot pepper,and the dependence ratio of pepper in greenhouse is 0. 06 and 0. 09 respectively. At last,we assumed that there was no pollination services existing in the proceeding of pepper production in the first ten years of this century,and evaluated the added economic values if the pollination services by honeybees and bumblebees were utilized in pepper production.

关 键 词：辣椒 小蜂熊蜂 意大利蜜蜂 授粉行为 经济评估 

分 类 号：S891[农业科学—特种经济动物饲养]