2000-2010年我国小麦病虫害发生与为害特征分析  

On Occurrence Characteristics and Damage from Diseases and Insect Pests in Wheat in China during 2000-2010

作　　者：赵明月[1,2] 欧阳芳[1] 张永生[1,2] 曹婧[1,2] 周倩[2] 戈峰[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国科学院动物研究所农业虫害鼠害综合治理研究国家重点实验室,北京100101 [2]湖南农业大学植物保护学院,湖南长沙410128

出　　处：《生物灾害科学》2015年第1期1-6,共6页Biological Disaster Science

基　　金：环保部专项(STSN-04-04);国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD19B05)

摘　　要：小麦是我国重要的粮食作物之一,近年来全球气候变化与农业生产结构的调整,影响了其病虫害的发生。重点分析2000—2010年小麦病虫害的发生面积、防治程度、挽回损失、实际损失及其空间分布格局。结果表明:我国小麦虫害的发生与危害均高于病害。2000—2010年小麦病害和虫害年均发生面积分别为2 974.18和3 560.06万hm 2。到2010年,防治小麦病害和虫害的面积分别高达3 500.42万hm 2和4 048.35万hm 2。防治后小麦的挽回损失量由2000年410.8万t增加到2010年的727.0万t(增加77.0%),虫害防治挽回损失量由701.2万t增加到870.8万t(增长24.2%),表明小麦病虫害防控的水平得到很大提高。小麦病害造成的实际损失量由2000年132.0万t增加到2010年241.2万t,虫害造成的实际损失量由155.4万t增加到174.4万t(增加12.2%);小麦病害实际损失率从2000年1.33%增加到2010年的2.09%(增加58.1%),而虫害实际损失率则从1.56%下降到1.51%(下降2.9%)。这说明小麦病虫害尤其是病害的防治责任很大。小麦病虫害主要分布在我国华东、华中和华北地区的小麦主产区,而东北地区和西南地区小麦病虫害发生相对较轻。应根据不同的生态区特征,开展区域性小麦病虫害综合治理。Wheat is one of the major crops in China. In recent years, the global climate change and adjustment in structure of agricultural production influenced the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. This paper focused on analyzing the tendency of diseases and insect pests in occurrence, loss, and spatial distribution ranges in wheat crop from 2000 to 2010. Result showed that the occurrence area of insect pests was more thanthat of diseases in most years during this period, and the occurrence area of diseases and insect pests were 29.7418 and 35.6006 million hm^2, respectively. The save loss yield of wheat from diseases rose from 4.108 in 2000 to 7.270 million tons（increased by 77.0%） in 2010, while that from insect pests was from 7.012 in 2000 to 8.708 million tons（increased by 24.2%） in 2010, which means that the level of prevention and control against diseases and insect pests was enhanced obviously. The actual loss of wheat from diseases rose from 1.320 in 2000 to 2.412 million tons in 2010, while those from insect pests rose from 1.554 in 2000 to 1.744 million tons in 2010. The actual loss rate by diseases increased by 58.1%, while that by insect pests decreased by 2.9%. The results showed that the prevention and control against diseases and insect pests still needed great efforts, especially for the damage from diseases. The diseases and insect pests of wheat mainly distributed in East China, Mid-China and North China, while less so in Northeast China and Southwest China. Based on the ecotope of wheat growth and plantation, the integrated pest management researches on regional farmland ecosystem should be promoted.

关 键 词：小麦 虫害 病害 发生面积 损失量 损失率 空间分布 

分 类 号：S435.121[农业科学—农业昆虫与害虫防治]