牛顿与归纳之谜  

Newton and Riddle of Induction

作　　者：吴新忠[1] 

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学科学史与科学文化研究院,上海200240

出　　处：《淮阴师范学院学报（哲学社会科学版）》2015年第2期177-183,279,共7页Journal of Huaiyin Teachers College(Social Sciences Edition)

基　　金：江苏省社会科学基金项目"当代科学研究范式与进步研究"(10ZXB003)

摘　　要：牛顿在《自然哲学的数学原理》《光学》等著作中,阐述了基于"分析—综合方法"的"归纳—演绎法",这是一个允许例外存在,归纳法暂时失效,并通过因果律指引寻求更普适的原理,不断提高归纳可靠性的探索过程。但休姆从例外存在出发,得出归纳法在逻辑上无效的经验主义的怀疑论结论,似乎要动摇科学理性的方法论基础。康德求助于先验综合判断,使得欧几里得几何学与牛顿物理学变成牢不可破的必然真理,这就陷入了新的独断论。约翰·穆勒对于归纳法的新探索,根本不能说明数学命题的客观真理性,罗素与维特根斯坦对于归纳法的讨论都摇摆于休姆主义与康德主义之间。逻辑实证主义与证伪主义利用概率逻辑,对于归纳法的正面辩护与反面取消都是错误的。归纳辩护的失败,根源于休姆问题内在地包含认识过程的恶无限矛盾,以及英国经验论对实验科学方法的歪曲理解。Newton elaborated on the 'analysis-synthesis method' according to 'induction and deductive method' in the 'mathematical principles of natural philosophy', 'optical' and other works. Newton's method permits induction of a temporary failure and exception appearing in induction. This is an induction exploration process to seek more universal principle leading by the law of causality, continuously improve the reliability of induction. But David Hume draw an empiricist skepticism conclusion that induction is logically invalid from the existence of exception, this seemed to shake the methodology foundation of scientific rationality. Kant turned to a priori synthetic judgment that made Euclidean geometry and Newtonian physics too strong to break the necessary truth; this was immersed in new dogmatism. John Muller's new exploration for the inductive method cannot explain mathematical proposition truth, Russell and Wittgenstein about induction discussion swing between Hume doctrine and Kantianism.Logical positivism for positive defend and falsificationism for negative cancel defend are wrong according to probabilistic logic, inductive method. Inductive defense failures are rooted in the Hume problem inherent in the evil infinite contradiction of cognition process.

关 键 词：归纳法 经验论 唯理论 先验论 自然齐一性 

分 类 号：N02[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]