手控交会对接中技能水平和自动化对操作者绩效的影响研究  

Impact of Skill Level and Automation on Performance in Manual Rendezvous and Docking

作　　者：杜晓平[1] 张宜静[1,2] 黄伟芬[1,2] 吴斌[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国航天员科研训练中心,北京100094 [2]人因工程重点实验室,北京100094

出　　处：《人类工效学》2015年第2期38-42,共5页Chinese Journal of Ergonomics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(61273322和71001092);国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(2011CB711000)

摘　　要：目的探讨手控交会对接中操作者技能和任务自动化对操作者的绩效的影响。方法采用双因素混合实验设计,组间变量为操作者技能水平,组内变量为任务自动化水平。15名初学者水平志愿者和12名专家水平志愿者参加模拟手控交会对接实验,每名志愿者进行3次完全手控操作科目和3个半自动控制操作科目。对不同技能水平和自动化水平下志愿者的手控交会对接绩效进行比较。结果专家的燃料消耗、位置偏差、平移速度和姿态角偏差等绩效指标比初学者好。技能水平和自动化的交互作用对绩效指标中燃料消耗、位置偏差、平移速度以及姿态角偏差有显著影响。对初学者组,相比于无自动化辅助条件下,自动化辅助下的任务时间显著降低;燃料消耗显著降低,平移偏差显著降低,平移速度显著降低,姿态角偏差显著降低。对专家组,相比于无自动化辅助条件下,自动化辅助下的任务时间显著降低,燃料消耗显著降低,平移偏差显著升高,平移速度无显著变化,姿态角偏差显著升高。结论技能水平的提高有助于提高绩效,而自动化能够降低手控交会对接的技能水平差距,使初学者能表现出类似于专家的绩效,在操作者技能未能达到任务需求时,可以采用自动控制系统予以辅助。对专家组,自动化辅助显著提高平移偏差和姿态角偏差,这对自动化设计和针对自动控制系统相关要求的训练有一定启示。ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of skill level and automation on operators＇ performance . Methods Two- factor mixed design was used in the experiment, with skill level as between -group factor, automation mode as within - group factor. 15 novices and 12 experts participated in the experiment. All participants were required to finish six rendezvous and docking tasks of two automation levels ： manual rendezvous and docking and the automation - aided rendezvous and docking. Performance of the participant during rendezvous and docking tasks was assessed task dura- tion, positional deviation, angle deviation and translational speed. Results Fuel consumption, location bias, translational velocity and attitude angle deviation of expert are better than beginners. For beginners group, task time, fuel consumption, position deviation, angle deviation, and translational velocity with automation were significantly lower than that without automation assist. For expert group, compared with complete manual conditions, task time and fuel consumption with automation is significantly reduced; position deviation and attitude angle deviation was significantly in- creased. Conclusion Improved skill levels help to improve performance, but the automation can reduce the gap between skill levels in manual rendezvous and docking, so that beginners can exhibit performance similar to experts.Therefore if skill of the operator failed to meet mission requirements, automation system can be used to assist the oper- ation. Automation improved the position deviation and attitude deviation, which has potential application for design of automatic system and training for using automation system.

关 键 词：手控交会对接 自动化水平 技能水平 绩效 航天飞机 人机交互 

分 类 号：R857.1[医药卫生—航空、航天与航海医学] R857[医药卫生—临床医学]