世界优秀速滑运动员起跑技术的生物力学研究  

Biomechanical Study on Start of International Excellent Speed Skaters

作　　者：程磊[1] 温朝晖[1] 乔静[2] 

机构地区：[1]吉林省体育科学研究所,吉林长春130022 [2]吉林省体育局冬季运动管理中心,吉林长春130022

出　　处：《冰雪运动》2014年第5期1-8,共8页China Winter Sports

基　　金：吉林省科技发展计划项目(20120453)

摘　　要：对世界优秀速滑运动员的起跑技术进行生物力学研究,从而对我国优秀运动员的起跑技术进行动作技术诊断。以参加2012~2013赛季国际滑联速滑世界杯（哈尔滨站）500 m比赛的10名世界级女子速滑优秀运动员起跑技术为研究对象,其中包括我国优秀速滑运动员于静、王北星、张虹。所选运动员中欧美选手占了4名,亚洲选手占了6名,基本上代表了当今世界女子短距离速滑项目最高的水平。采用2台Panasonic数码摄像机,在比赛现场对运动员完成的起跑技术按照三维DLT法的要求进行拍摄,比赛结束后,采用三维空间框架进行标定。运用英国产Quintic Biomechanics视频解析软件,对所拍摄的运动图像进行数字化处理,截断频率为8 Hz。研究结果表明,与身高相近的亚洲选手相比,我国运动员起跑时重心高度相对偏高,亚洲选手的髋关节角度与膝关节角度值较欧美选手普遍偏低。我国三名优秀运动员身体重心垂直速度和水平速度都处于一个较低的位置,运动员起动阶段的动作效果并不佳。结论 ：在预备姿势阶段,亚洲选手重心高度普遍较低,但躯干角度较欧美选手大;起动阶段,运动员技术特点是成绩较好的选手起动时间通常相对较短,爆发式蹬冰效果明显,起动时身体前倾角度都有了显著性增大;在疾跑加速阶段,运动员通过高步频来快速启动,而不是利用步长的优势。Biomechanical study on start of international excellent speed skaters,technical diagnosis for start of Chinese excellent skaters. The start of ten international excellent female speed skaters who participated in ISU World Cup（Harbin） 2012-2013 Season as research subjects,including Chinese excellent speed skaters Yu Jing,Wang Beixing,Zhang Hong.Four skaters of Europe and America,six skaters of Asia,basically represent the highest level of female short track speed skating in the world. Using two Panasonic digital cameras,the start of skaters in the competition site for shoot according to three-dimensional DLT method,after the game,use three-dimensional space frame to demarcate. By using the video analysis software Quintic Biomechanics which is made in England,digitize motion images,cut frequency is eight hz. The research results show,compared with similar height Asian skaters,the height of center of gravity of Chinese skaters’start is relatively high,the hip angle and knee joint angle of Asian skaters are generally low. The vertical velocity and horizontal velocity of three Chinese excellent skaters’center of gravity are at a lower position. Conclusion：In the preparatory stage,the height of center of gravity of Asian skaters is generally low,but the trunk angle is higher than Europe and American skaters;In the start stage,technical characteristics of skaters is start of the skaters who have better performance is relatively short,the effect of explosive pedal ice is obviously,the body anteversion angle has a significance increase while starting;In acceleration stage,skaters quickly start by high stride frequency, not using the stride length advantage. starting stage,the athletes technical characteristics are better swimmers start time is usually relatively short, explosive pedal ice effect obviously,starting when the body anteversion angle degree have significant increase in acceleration stage;sprint athletes start,fast through the high step frequency,rather than the use of step size advantage.

关 键 词：速滑运动员 起跑技术 生物力学 

分 类 号：G862.1[文化科学—体育训练] G804.6[文化科学—体育学]