玉米冠层耕层协调优化及其高产高效技术  

The Coordination Optimization between Canopy and Topsoil and Its Technique of High Yield and Efficiency in Maize

作　　者：赵明[1] 李从锋[1] 董志强[1] 

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院作物科学研究所/农业部作物生理生态重点实验室,北京100081

出　　处：《作物杂志》2015年第3期70-75,共6页Crops

基　　金："十一五"国家科技支撑计划(2006BAD02A13);"十一五"国家863项目(2006AA10Z272);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(NYCYTX-02)

摘　　要：密植是挖掘玉米高产潜力的主要途径。然而,密植倒伏和早衰问题长期制约着玉米密植高产的潜力挖掘,特别在东北和黄淮海地区问题更加突出。为此,本研究明确了密植倒伏、早衰、产量低的原因是冠层耕层的不协调,提出了冠层耕层同步优化的高产高效技术途径,构建了技术体系,主要包括:(1)以产量性能为核心的冠层分析体系及其定量指标和动态监测系统;(2)以土壤与根系合理空间分布为指导的"深耕层、降容重、匀分布、培地力"的耕层优化体系;(3)冠层生产力与耕层供给力协同优化分析体系。在此基础上,创新了多种关键技术,包括:(1)以改耕层促冠层为核心的"改方式、改时间、培地力"的深松耕作关键技术;(2)以改冠层提耕层为核心的"抗倒、抗冷、防衰"的化控技术;(3)以调冠层保耕层为核心的"调行距、调耕作、调肥水"相结合的密植技术。在关键技术创新的基础上,通过技术集成,构建了"深耕层-密冠层"、"控株型-促根系"及"培地力-高肥效"的不同方式的3项密植高产高效技术模式,在东北春玉米、黄淮海夏玉米密植高产中,创造了高产典型,而且在大面积高产高效方面取得了显著成效。Increasing maize planting density is the major way for yield improvement. However,the big problems which had longly hindered is lodging and early senescence with the planting density increasing,especially in the Northeast and the Huanghuai region. Therefor,our research focused on how to coordinate between canopy and topsoil for solving the problems of lodging and early senescence in maize. The results showed that reason of lodging,early senescence and low yield was the uncoordination between canopy and topsoil uncoordinated under the high planting density. We proposed that the technical approach for high yield and high efficiency were optimized between canopy and topsoil synchronously,and the technical system was constructed,including：（ 1） quantitative canopy analysis system which core was the ＂production performance ＂,it was indicators and monitoring for yield formation during growth and development;（ 2） the optimization system of topsoil was the spatial reasonable distribution of soil and roots. the characterests of good topsoil was ＂deep layer,lower soil density,uniform distribution,and fertility＂;（ 3）the collaborative optimization analysis system was depented on both canopy productivity and topsoil supply capacity.Based on the analysis of collaborative between canopy and topsoil,three key innovative technologies were established,including：（ 1） three kinds of subsoiling cultivation key technologies were innovated to improve soil tillage layer and promote the canopy which were changing mode,changing the time,training and fertility respectively;（ 2） there were three different growth regulators were created for ＂preventing lodging,cold and senescence＂which can improve canopy and enhance topsoil layer;（ 3） the high density technique,which were ＂adjusting spacing,regulating tillage,regulating fertilizer and water＂,was to adjust canopy and protect the topsoil. On the basis of key technological innovation,three regional planting models for high yield and efficiency were est

关 键 词：玉米 密植 倒伏早衰 耕层冠层协调 深松改土 化学调控 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学]