商周家族墓地所见复合族徽铜器的种类与组合  

Typolog y and Combination of Bronzes with Composite Clan Emblems Excavated from Shang and Zhou Clan Cemeteries

作　　者：雒有仓[1] 

机构地区：[1]淮北师范大学历史与社会学院,淮北235000

出　　处：《中国国家博物馆馆刊》2015年第5期56-65,2,共10页Journal of National Museum of China

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目"商周家族墓地考古与青铜器复合族徽研究"(项目批准号:12YJA780001)资助

摘　　要：商周家族墓地出土的复合族徽铜器种类甚多,主要有食器之鼎、簋、甗、鬲,酒器之爵、觚、卣、觯、斝、瓿、尊、彝、壶、罍,水器之盉、盘,乐器之铙,兵器之钺、戈等。这些铜器几乎涉及青铜器各类别,其在同一墓葬中常常与单一族徽铜器的种类不同,而铸造则显得比同墓所出单一族徽铜器的形体小、器壁薄、重量轻。复合族徽铜器见于同一墓葬,往往有主次之别:有些可能是墓主的子女及其配偶所铸造,有些可能是墓主的亲朋好友所赠送。商周家族墓地出土的复合族徽铜器共有17种组合,有关墓葬可划分为四个等级,能够确定墓主生前绝大多数都是中小贵族,而随葬复合族徽铜器主要取决于其能否与其它铜器配成一套或一组礼器,并不在于体现其族氏属性。这些情况表明,复合族徽可能不代表族氏组织,而仅仅是族氏关系,即为同族分化、不同族氏联姻或联盟关系的表示。Bronzes with composite clan emblems excavated from Shang and Zhou clan cemeteries involve all types of bronze ritual vessels, such as food containers （ding, guL yan and li）, wine vessels （jue, gu, you, zhi, jia, bu, zun, yi, hu and lei）, water containers （he and pan）, musical instrument （nao）, weapons （yue and ge）, etc. These bronzes are mostly different from those with single clan emblems in the same tomb and are smaller, thinner and lighter than the latter. Bronzes with composite clan emblems in the same tomb were possibly cast by children and spouse of the tomb occupant or given as gifts by the occupant＇s friends or relatives. There are seventeen ways of combination for bronzes with composite clan emblems excavated from Shang and Zhou clan cemeteries. The related tombs can be divided into four ranks, evidence of the fact that most tomb occupants were middle or lower class noblemen. Whether a bronze with composite clan emblem was used as burial object depends crucially on its function, i.e. its matching with the other bronzes to form a set of ritual vessels, rather than the clan that it denotes. Therefore, composite clan emblems probably do not represent certain clan organizations but clan relationship, i.e. dividing-up within a clan or intermarriage among clans.

关 键 词：复合族徽铜器 种类 组合 

分 类 号：K876.4[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]