中国领袖对苏决策中国家利益与政党利益的权衡(1921-1966年)  

Balance of National Interest and Party Interest during Chinese Leaders'Decision-making towards the Soviet Union(1921-1966)

作　　者：邱海燕[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京大学国际关系学院

出　　处：《俄罗斯研究》2015年第2期123-153,共31页Russian Studies

摘　　要：自20世纪20年代至60年代,中苏国家关系与党际关系交错。从孙中山"以为俄国军队不必立时由外蒙撤退"换取苏联最终选择扶持国民党,到蒋介石骗取苏联顾问信任,并在崛起后迅速"变脸",抗日战争时期又力争"与苏共存",委曲求全至忍无可忍。从苏联亲手点燃的中共星星之火在毛泽东的带领下发展成燎原之势,到建立新中国后对苏联大国沙文主义的愤懑,决心与苏斗争到底。如果说,孙中山对苏联的信任是:革命胜利的苏联在军阀混战的中国选中了他;蒋介石对苏联的厌恶很大程度源于意识形态的分歧;那么毛泽东的不满,则是因为苏联的大国沙文主义和苏共以"老子党"自居。处于不同历史阶段的孙中山、蒋介石、毛泽东对苏联的认识各不相同,在他们的政治生涯中,中国长期处于弱势地位,却不得不与维护自己国家利益和在华利益的苏联交手,这其中的纠结可想而知。但关键在于,他们在国家利益与政党利益中作出了抉择,而结果则决定了中国社会的发展方向和中苏关系的走向。From 1920s till1960s, Sino-Soviet bilateral relations and inter-party relations are intertwined with each other. Sun Yat-sen ＂held that Russian troops do not have to retreat from outer Mongolia＂ in exchange for the Soviet Union＇s final choice of supporting the KMT. Then Chiang Kai-shek cheated Soviet advisers out of trust, and quickly ＂turned hostile＂ after rising,eventually striving to ＂coexist with the Soviet Union＂ during the Anti-Japanese War and afterwards became easily compromised till running out of patience. Under guidance of Mao Zedong, the spark of communism, lit by the Soviet Union, made a great fire. However, after the founding of the People＇s Republic of China, Mao Zedong turned resentful against Soviet chauvinism and became determined to fight against it. If we may say, Sun Yat-sen＇s faith in the Soviet Union came from the victorious Soviet＇s choice of him among various Chinese warlords; Chiang Kai-shek＇s aversion to the Soviet Union largely originated from the ideological differences; then Mao Zedong＇s discontent derived from chauvinism and the Soviet Communist Party＇s complacency. At different historical stages, Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong had different understandings of the Soviet Union. As a matter of fact, during all their political careers, China, in a weak position for a long time, had to deal with the Soviet Union which maintained its own national interests and interests in China. The difficulties within can be imagined. Nevertheless, the key is that they made a choice between national interests and party interests. The result decided the direction of Chinese social development and the Sino-Soviet relations as well.

关 键 词：中苏关系 中苏党际关系 中苏领袖 

分 类 号：D822.3[政治法律—政治学]